the laws of thermal dynamics

Albert Einstein's General theory of relativity applies to the law of thermal dynamics, how stars and volcanoes work.

The first law of thermal dynamics tells us an energy source doing work on a source. Cosmologists have us believe as far as the big ban theory that suppose to have created the universe is concerned is not necessary true.

The second law tells and the most important tells us compression heats how stars and volcanoes work. When we pump air into an already tight tire with a bicycle pump we fell the pump gets hot. Pumps demonstrated the second law of thermal dynamics in action that says compressing something already compressed generates a lot of head. In other words compression is work and energy of the first law. It is how stars are born and live and volcanoes work.

Our sun is an example of all stars. It started life from the work and energy of the mass of orbiting dust and gas. Every particle was attracted together like nails to a magnet building mass. According the Einstein's general theory the orbiting mass shrunk rapped space creating a distorted curve round the entire circumference of the growing mass. All the while the shrink rap compression of distorted space heated it.

The more mass, the more more it pulled in space compressing tighter and tighter round it. Debris followed the distorted curve surrounding the growing mass collapsing building more mass. Like a runaway snow ball the more mass the more space shrink raps tighter and tighter round the mass According the second law of thermal dynamics the hotter and hotter the mass got.

The work and energy of the shrink rap of space heated the already compressed mass tighter and  tighter increasing the work and heat energy of the heat. The more mass the inward shrink pull of space compressing the already compressed dust and gas the more it got hotter and hotter.

The tight compression of the shrink rap of space generate enough heat for thermal nuclear reactions to start.  A star is born. The entire process takes the equivalent of a few million years on earth to pass, but to space time only a short period.

Studying fluid dynamics is the study of heat moment including stars the atmosphere of the earth we breathe every day, stars, thermal nuclear explosions and volcanic eruptions.

The earth's mass is shrink raped tightly by distorted space round the entire circumference compressing the air we breath and oceans to the surface. The rotation laws in classical physics dragging the atmosphere round the earth apply to some degree. The sun plays a major roll in creating high and low depressions in the earth atmosphere.

The air in the low pressure systems drag air from the high pressure systems towards them causing hurricanes trying to balance out.

The study of how steam train, ship boilers including diesel engines is the study of fluid dynamics. Diesel is squirted into the cylinder and the up coming position compresses it hot enough to ignite. The detonation is the work and energy power driving the piston back down.

The law of thermal dynamics tells us heat can only go one direction from cold to hot. If neglected entropy will get cold from hot. This law tells us a cup of coffee never gets hot from cold on it's on. An external heat source is required heating it. In effect heat transfer effecting a cup of Coffey wormed up again from cold. Our atmosphere is fluid in the same way as the molten magma ( lava ) under our feet is as heat is in a warming cup of Coffey.

The magma under our feet is kept molten by the compression of the the plates that make up the earth's crust. The crust is pulled inward by force of the earth's mass shrink rapping space right round the circumference of earth.

In effect the crust ends up as a heavy weight compressing the already hot magma. The iron in it moving round the iron core generates a magnetic field round the earth. The earth is like a magnetized ball bearing. The fluid pressure of the magma carries the plates of the crust responsible for earthquake and volcanic outbursts.

An overheating hot car radiator is an example of a pocket of boiling water flow. Fluid is heated by the compression to boiling point magma filling in fissures in the earth's crust filling a chamber. When  fill and if boiling enough continues to increase will boil it's way up the crack bursting under pressure on the surface.

Seismologists have set up earth tremor monitors round the world. They have learnt seismic readings  are a sign of boiling motion of the magma more than normal as waves a sign close to the surface.

The cause of the boil up is our old friend compression of the earth's mass shrink rapping space the circumference of earth. The boiling magma is under the equivalent pressure of kilograms per cubic meter per with a temperature hot enough to boil it crowing every second from the weight of the compression of the moving crust.

As the pressure of the moving magma keeps moving it carries a plate up against another immovable plate either grinding sideways past each other or forcing over the top of another. Riding over the top often squeezes boiling magma up a fissure in a volcanic eruption.

When the magma continues to move a plate up against or over the top of a immovable continent plate the plates log jamb stick, the magma doesn't care about that never letting up. Millions of tones per day builds until they can't hold on any longer and slip.

Sliding past each other slip is called a strike slip and overriding slippage is called seduction earthquakes where volcanic outburst often occurs.

In terms of measurement the magma is under the pressure of the force of the shrink raping of space billions of tones per cupid meter forces building temperatures to a boil. Scenic motors on the suffice detect this boiling as fluid waves.

Getting your bicycle wheel running smoothly again.

Continuous breaking spoke problems is what happens when owners replacing spokes and general tweaking with their wheels without any real bicycle wheel engineering knowledge.

Inspecting the spoke arrangement of new bike ( or at lest a good wheel) is and ideal way to pick up the skills needed keep your own bike running smoothly. It will reveal why spokes don't break.

You will observe standard bike wheels spokes are entangled in a zigzag under and over every other spoke pressing on every each one in turn pattern.

Replacing a spoke ignoring this pattern there will be an open gap when crossing allowing twisting forces transferred to the head in the hub flange leading to a few kilometers of fatigue finally breaking off at the head. Following a new or known good wheel pattern as a guide when replacing spokes to rebuilding wheels entirely will go a long way to reduce breaking spoke problems.

Studying wheels designed for entangled zigzag spoke arrangement show how perfectly mathematically symmetrical they are in motion. The entangled paten is a self aniti-twisting movement round the entire circumference of the wheel. As the wheel rotates each spoke crossing each other holds fast each other in a precise symmetry in the rotating motion. The flow of the entangled spokes support each other in a mathematical rolling symmetry.

Each spoke can't flex because of each overlapping neighboring spoke holding each other fast. The twisting forces in our peddling on every spoke is evenly supported by every neighboring spoke in turn. The zigzagging crisscross is what makes bike wheels so sturdy.

Radial spoke patterns are only suitable for front wheel professional pursuit racing bikes, not strong enough for rear wheel rider support.

Using salvaged donor parts as spares will save money yes. But changing components and adding accessories to enhance personal customization, comfort, performance and appearance requires some bicycle engineering knowledge specially when it comes to rebuilding wheels.

Tires size is wheel size. It is written on the side of the tire wall. ( The x is the width across them ). Tape measures have imperial inches one side and metric on the flop side. The two different measuring systems on the same tape makes it easy to measure check both systems.

Measuring the tire will measurer the whole wheel in imperial inches and the flipside metric millimeters. Mountain and commuter city bikes are commonalty 26 imperil inches or the metric 700mm, expressed as 700C. Comparing a metric tire against an imperial inch tire will be little smaller.

How we spell

These days everybody has access to some sort of electronic spell checker some computer word processor, personal digital assistant ( PDA ), smart phone, tablets to laptops. As far as personal texting is concerned miss spelling is a considered normal, but not vary professional care. Professional secretary shorthand is nothing but meanness goby-gook cluster of letters. But not to them. It's code. Well spelt office manuscript work gives the impression of well thought out professionalism

Spelling happens deep in our brain. It is a wonderful organic computer with a mind of it's own when it comes to learning. If something is not important our brain tends to automatically without thinking dismisses the information away. It is a part of our forget system. If it's not important we struggle to recall. If it's important we recall with ease.

We feel this rather bored and uninterested with the subject including being tough the spelling rules at school. Have you every been able to recall anything that was of no interest originally? On the flip side, we know how much detail we can recall when something was important to us we had concentrated in the first place.

There is a exception to the rule we notice a pattern in people seem to be predisposed as a great speller from birth. It could be an area of the brain that was well developed when growing in the womb.

When not very important we tend to forget straight away because the information It is not properly filed away in the memory files. The opposite, if anything is important we take notice and concentrate. Concentration is the key to memory and importance is the key to concentration. Let's see a non-programmed artificial intelligence automatically to do that sort of thing with information.

Our brain is active with what is important and not important to us every second from birth to death. Using the importance law files away the information how we learn.

Our brain is a filling system as equal to any electronic file system. It can think out the chaotic paten of a cross word puzzle. Computers can't figure out patens in chaos the way we can in random images patterns. Lets see a competition between the human brain and harking robots sort out those security code letters.

Our spelling skill relies heavily on how important spelling was in the first place. Anything that is important we automatically concentrate and automatically recall with ease. It is a struggle to recall spelling rules.

If spelling was important we we had concentrated where our brain filed away as memory. We recall well as second nature an automatic habit. Fast, office work reports on demand, every word spelt correctly and consistently with no need for proof reading is always impressive god dent to any office. The skill is worth a lot of money.

Poor spelling is a recall struggle to some of us. It has been the result of  uninteresting, our brain been constantly dismissing as not important information. We often felt a uninterested wondering off to what we felt was more important matters.

Importance is the key to our memory and well entrenched memory of the spelling rules is the key to being a great speller. Things have to be important to the brain to concentrate to remember well is that key to great speller. Often as not an exception to the rule great spellers  seem to be predisposed to be  great spellers. It could be a well developed area of the brain while growing in the womb.

Our brain is ordained as an interoperate of the pronunciation of the syllables that make up words that had heard in the womb and from birth onwards. It records the the sounds of the syllables every word we ever heard pronounced by others and filed away in our speech memory files.

Most of us are familiar with the spelling rules according to how important. If it was the recall of the spieling rules guide quickly and easily found from a dictionary or spell checker with out thinking.

Unfamiliar with spelling we can only turn to how our brain skill at filling away the pronunciation of words from birth. Poor spellers searching dictionaries and electronic spell checkers spelling by pronouncing the sound of every syllable ryes on this system of spelling. Our brain is skilled the use of our recall system of files of the sounds it leant from birth.

Listening to the pronunciation of the syllables as poor spellers sound them out, often look up in wrong places and electronic spell checkers are often no help either.

Dictionaries and electronic spell checkers are not geared up for wild card syllable pronunciation spelling of poor spellers. When a poor speller breaks down the syllables that make words, our brain is unique at memory recall memories of how each sound supplying files that are suggestions must spell like. Electronic spell checkers often help promote the brain recall multiple possible spelling option suggestions comes to their minds. "No that didn't seem to work. OK lets try this. No. Here's another idea" and so on.

One library book I encountered called 100 worlds, helped by miss spelling a word and the correct pronunciation broken into syllables. But often as not, is not enough much of as help to my wild card suggestions. There are always words I wanted I can't find including my word processor. Relying heavily on pronunciation for spelling every word as we write relies heavily on the development of our brain has learnt to pick up on the sounds we pounce syllable by syllable

A good example of this is the F sounds. Pronounce the "p" and "h" letters together. Some of us hear pih while others hear "fih". Try to spell a word like awesome by pronouncing it. We find depends on how we all learnt how we hear the syllables sounds to us. Without the spelling rules some may have heard awesome as "a sum" or spelt as "aw sum", as one word while others may have heard as "aws sum" some may even heard as "a sun" or "aws sun" and so on.

In retrospect, it is the way our brain hears others slang syllables in their speaking from birth and growing up.

Another example is persona. To a poor speller attempting to spell the word by pronouncing syllable by syllable. Our brain comes up with file suggestions the word persona sounding to spell as fas sonor. Second and third attempts in electronic spell checkers can be spelt as fasoner, fisoner to fisonor even with a lilted knowledge of the spelling rules my try phasoner to see what happens and so on. The right spelling for fashioner comes up as a correct spelling.

It is a confusing pattern relying on how our brain had learnt hear the sounds in the hearing of the sounds of syllables heard in every word in other people speaking patens. Our brain can only learn what we hear others pronouncing the syllables of every word we utter. 

Our brain is like an internet search engine search robot system when it comes to supplying information we need from memory. Search engines results found page is the electronic access pulls out an assembly of suggestions according to the keywords.

Operating on the same system our spelling by pronunciation file clerks goes to the filing cabinet on how to spell words in syllables it has saved in our learning processes since birth. When we try to spell by pronunciation alone our file clerks look up the files of the sounds of our pronunciation returning to us the with the file options of the syllables it found. A second processes involves the brains understand of connecting the options found as one word.

On the way millions of other memories associated to them also come to the surface and served to us.

If our file system has been filled with files on the rules of spelling. the spelling verse pronunciation will override the pronunciation files. Our files tell us to ignore the pronunciation with the spelling rule. We automatically out of habit know how to spell awesome correctly and consistently. Poor sellers relying on electronic spell checker programs will be more successful first time round more often.

Another pronunciation trap is the word "silent". Attempting to spell by pouncing alone our file system tells us to spell "sigh" and "lent" as one word. Files can also suggests filling in details as the "sigh" in silent is spelt as "sill".

Poor spellers relying on spell checkers will in time with experience learn new files added to their brain's memory files suggesting could be "cill" because the poor speller has lent electronic spell checker programs often come up with "s" sounds spelt as "c" completing the puzzle joining the two syllable sounds together as one word.

The correct syllable pronunciation is sil-ent. The file son the c spelling rules verses how they are prounced is familiar with the common dominator s sounds are spelt c. With the files on how the c should be spelt as is automatically spelt as "sih" sounds spelt as c without thinking about it.

The persistent not spelt that way by electronic spell checkers, though trial and error manipulation poor spellers will discover the correct spelling. The brain considerers persistent trial and error is important. It will automatically note the correct spelling filling away in the spelling memory files as the correct spelling file. The poor speller can easily recall the correct spelling effortlessly from there on.

Some of us poor spellers have problems with the cliché saying "i before except after c" spelling rule. To most of us we can evaluate the information and file away in our word memory files. Others like Autistic people are not so lucky. The "except after c" makes the whole rule meaningless because the sentence is like a mouthful to them. They are often afraid of mouthful sentences much to be avoided.

Two ideas in one sentence is contradictory causing confusion specially to Autism tending to avoid like the plague to learn. It is better to learn i before e is clear first. After that, exception word examples are made clear. Provided it is important enough for concentrations the exception examples made clear are filed in the word memory files making "except after c" clear creating a file of that.

To autism the same rule rephrased i before e, except any word spelt with the e after the c. Depending of the sere rarity of the autism may even still b a mouthful. Their brain's spatial understand is not well developed.

Plague is another example of the pronunciation verse the spelling. Those familiar with the spelling rules will automatically spell the correct spelling with out thinking while other may attempt sayimg out loud the file clerk issuing a file to spell as playg.

Apart from the difference between British and American spelling for example breaking down words out loud pronunciation correctly an attempt would be spelt as "fin nom en num". ( Phenomenon ) Others spell as fin nom e um or fen no men un. To the frustration of poor spellers spell checkers and dictionaries not such word is listed. Compare the correct syllables  Phen o men on. Dichotomies and spell checkers don't recognize the wild cards of our syllable pronunciation hearing.

Syllable is other word that be tried to be spelt sil lible  incorrectly spelt trying out the way we have leant to hear the word in our minds Try saying the letters "s" "y" "l"  together. It sounds like like sill to us. If there was a dictionary in numerical order the way look up the word as sillible. This person may not have heard the word as sill able but heard as sill ible. Next the correct word syl-able pointing out the pronunciation we have learnt  to hear by, verses the way it is spelt  It will may help poor spellers to remember to spell sillible as syl and then able as one word.

We're often frustrated when our electronic spell checker doesn't recognize any spelling attempt or can't find the word in a dictionary.  Mate and rial, with rail spelt incorrectly with the i before a spells material correctly.   

The worst part about dictionaries for us poor spellers they assume to much us poor spellers know about how we could be pronouncing syllables incorrectly thus looking in the wrong place. It never occurs  to expert dictionary writers some of us my hear the syllables of words differently than they think we should.

They haven't learnt to recognize the sound of "ph" expecting the sound of Photograph as Fo toe graf fitting together from familiar words. The way some of us hear the word can be heard phonetically different spelt to them.  Most education experts don't like the idea of going to the trouble to produce a dictionary that caters for phonetic spellers as a lot of the words will not be in alphabetical order that us phonetic spellers don't guess right spelling phonetically.

Take for example the word guess.  To most of us we'd attempt gess. But the correct pronunciation of each syllable is gu - ess. We'd be searching in ge not realizing we should be looking under gu. With such books we'd find guess where we'd expect it to be but discovering the gu in guess is really the correct spelling. Another word can be heard spelt like business as bis-in-niss the correct spelling as business.

Learning to spell the word can be learning to pronounce syllables the way spelt correctly thus the spelling  as easy words they already know how to spell as bus-sin- ness approach. No wonder they can't find the word in dictionaries looking under.

Some spell checker programmers hadn't program or PC software to recognize "nes ling"  as nestling the program keeps insisting  No recommendations. Spell checkers depend on how good an artist the programmer was at programming spell check software to recognize incorrect phonetically spelt syllables.

At this point even dictionaries become useless since if the user cannot get a checker to recognize their spelling attempts the user's equally frustrated in the time consuming waited effort in not finding the word in a dictionary as well. Dictionaries religiously designed for alphabetical listing to the letter, trying to spell how the word might be spelt by how it sounds are often looking in the wrong place. Trying to spell how it sounds these people my never find the word in alphabetical order placement. Consequently they don't trust dictionaries and spell checkers.

These poor spellers are experienced at trying to spell words phonetically as they write because frustrated by the time consumption not finding the word they need spelling phonetically.

Like electronic spell checkers most teaches reviewing pupils work don't recognize phonetic spelling attempts and fail to appreciate to recognize the other wise good work, thus giving poor marks for the whole work rather than just the spelling. If all English words were spelt as prounced these people would experience far less problems with teacher grades dictionaries and electronic spell checkers.

Poor spelling is a characteristic of  Autism suffers because of the frustration of seemingly complex spelling rules to remember. People with this kind of condition tend to be very poor at handling complex rules.

Paralelle universe, time travel

We have our memories right up to the last few seconds. There is no memory of the coming seconds. Some of us believe there is no distention between the past present and future. If this is true, it makes sense the present is what we are going to do yesterday and what we did tomorrow.

The second hand of clocks measure time on earth as a steady flow we say one thousand and one the time light travels a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like ) in every second. Our brain records the past second as memory forming a new memory in the present second with no memory of the next second every second.

If the former is true lets assume we are all free to travel back and forth the past and future and change what ever we like at any time we like.  So, let's assume for a movement we have just been to the future in your uncles time machine. There was heart ach because the stranger you meet you cared about cared about someone else already.

No matter, all you will do is jump into your time machine back to the time you left. Knowing who to look for in the present you can prevent the person you care about from meeting the person, steeling away for yourself because you knew everything that was about to happen in the present..

Returning to the time you left you arrange it. Then unexpectedly your driving caused the death of the said person. It didn't matter anyway because your memories dictated you knew what you was about to do already because you have been to the future to know that was going to happen anyway.

No matter, you'll just jump on your uncles time machine and go back to a few hours and start over. That will be the third time you changed the last few hours of you life from going into the future with no care in the world adventure to a heart ach to make things better for yourself.

Then there there was a situation were you have to save someone else. No matter, you'll just use your uncles time machine again. But changing things the second time inevitable going to disrupted your plans to meet the person over again by the distraction weather a priority to do first that may cost you the person you care about or the person you are trying to save. Time lines often force a plans.

Traveling back and forth the present, past and future changing things here and there to suit ourselves is our own isolated time line we don't know is going happen to us yet, weather we are destined for the past present or future. Otherwise we would experience the problem a cop had in a recent movie I saw on TV called frequency.

It is about a thirty-six year old cop accidentally contacting his fireman father at the same age via a time traveling Citizen Band radio transmission drying an aurora storm. He was talking with his father before he died in a fire expanding a a few decades between1969 and 1999.

At first the cop was naive until he finally leant the reality of what had happed. Once the cop realized the truth he shared his feelings with his father and going to die in a up coming fire and sharing with his father if he had only gone the other direction.

The plot of the story the cops father in the fire carrying someone over his shoulder. The last minute decided to take the strangers advice saving himself as well as the life of the civilian.

Frequency takes on the fashioner of two memories at the same time, one retaining the memories of his father's and the life without him memories, and a new parallel alternate reality time line memory of his father didn't die growing up with him.

The plot of the story continues the cop enlisting the help of his father involving him in a current serial killer spree in his father's time, in the cops time unsolved, to save the lives of the girls murdered at the same time to catch the killer responsible.

In doing so both got deeper and deeper in changing the course of the investigation history into several different alternate outcomes. The cop's mother got caught up in it ending up as a victom. Things changed again. He had a new parallel alternate memory time of his mother not around in his life razed by his father added in parallel to all the other alternate time line memories he created. In desperation the cop enlisted the help of his father to prevent her turn.

Every day for the next several days new parallel time lines was added in parallel with his original memory time line. He'd mass quite a few. In the end the movie ended with all the family happily playing baseball together in their family park in the cops current time line.

I can't help but stop and think of another example comes to mind. Adolph Hitler was a corporal in world war one. Lets ask ourselves the odds of life expectancy in four years of front line battles of the war.

If the there is no distention between past present and future is true a person from the future can easily travel back in time to make sure Hitler is just another battle causality to save all these millions of lives lost in the up coming future. A new alternate history time line is created Adult Hitler was killed in the war.

If the movie Frequency is anything to go by, the time traveler will have parallel historic time line memories of the current history and it never happing at the same time. Will he remember he was responsible for the death of Hitler?

A little known true story involving a Australian sniper doesn't have to rely on that scenario. The Australian had Hiller dead to right in his scope. If the sniper was a killer, history of the 20th century would have been different.

If the movie frequency is anything to go by how many times can we travel back in time to change events, only once? Twice? An infinite number of times? Do we retain our memories of every time line change we make?

A case in point with a TV series True calling. It is about a female morgue attended who the dead can ask for their help. In doing so she was transported back twenty-four hours of time before their death. She had full memory of the day. She could change the course of the time line to save the persons life.

In doing so did the cop in Frequency and True Davies in True Calling create parallel universes?

A TV series called the sliders introduced the concept of parallel universes discovered by a university student Quinn Mallory experimenting with antigravity in his basement in an attempt to revolutionize heavy lifting.

Instead he got more than he bargained for. His experiment produced somthing else. It had managed to reproduce the holey grail of cosmology an artificial wormhole. A wormhole is a theoretical gravitational pull right in the center of a black hole ( called a singularity ) shrinking space into a deep well. The vertical well links with another black hole across the other side of the universe creating a space tunnel.

In the case of the sliders the experiment created a portal to different dimension earth's. They were the same earth's same times only alternate time line differences. Each earth was ninety percent identical, the reaming ten percent was what made each dimension different.

The British TV series Doctor Who got in on the act is an example of the concept. Several episodes played it out with a double of himself and one of his assistance's double from a parallel universe reminds us the world of sci-fi is full of parallel universe stories.

When Germany was busy fighting the British at the Somme in world war one of this world. Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was published. It projects the the mass of stars and planets bend space. Space is curved round the circumference of stares and planets. It compress the earth keeping us on the surface directly form of the mass of the earth shrinking space round it.

Gravity in other words is a distortion of space by mass. This distortion distorts space time. The distortion of space at sea level on the surface of earth is measured by our clocks and watches to the second. In high orbit time is a few microseconds faster than the top floor of city sky scrapper in turn and a few microseconds faster than ground level. The pulling power of the mass of the earth time near the core is a few microseconds few longer than the surface.

Operating on the principle the gravitational pull right in the center ( called the singularity ) is enough mass to shirk space creating the huge black void of no light we express as a black hole well known for slowing time.

From our point of view we observe an astronaut spaghettified into the event horizon for a million years, while from the astronaut's point of view in an instant.

Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity tells us when it comes to light speed and the vast distances of the stars, a moment in time for one view point is equivalent to a few million years passing on earth from the opposite view point.

From our point of view from the surface of earth, we see light travel a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers in a second. From light speeds point of view see's a second on the earth's surface travel three hundred thousand seconds per kilometer. That's equivalent to traveling a kilometer just under a long weekend. I'm sure anybody into challenging mathematics can work out exactly to the second.

Mathematics projects light speed traveling in a straight line is equivalent to the distance bent into a circle raped round the concurrence of earth seven times in a second. From our point of view we walk a meter in that time.

Light see's us walk a meter the equivalent of three hundred thousand thousand seconds Time is not stopped. It is only to slow to observe moving. It cannot see our world any slower than we see moving as fast. I'm sure anybody good at math's can work out how long three how many days three hundred thousand thousand seconds is.

In the beginning was the big bang

We have all heard of the big bang that's supposed to have created the universe. What most of us find dubious about cosmologists having us believe the universe was created form nothing. We are suppose to believe it created itself. The big bang is really all about energy to be able to create energy.

If we are to understand anything of the cosmos today, if the characteristic of the of space and time inside black holes Black holes, called a singularity, is anything to go by, is the closest to what what we can imagine what it would have been like before the eruption.

So much for the rule matter and energy that cannot be created from nothing or destroyed we were all taught at elementary school. Cosmologists have us believe not from black holes and the big bang it's not. Even to the big bang creating itself and deep inside black holes is one of the biggest mysteries of the universe.

Gravity it seems, is the key player in creation. According to Isaac Newtown for gravity to be present there must be mass. After Isaac Newton, if the center of black hole is anything to go by the gravity  was speculated to be infinitely dense with zero volume which suggests the equivalent of a mass of a supper massive star with enough gravity to capture all it's light light called dark stars.

Cosmologists speculate the big bang was faster than than the speed of light. Remember the moment of creation there was no such thing as light so no light light speed limit.

It is believed a particle called the Higgs Boson is responsible for mass. If there was nothing before the big bang there was no Higgs Boson, open to speculation to a  zero resistance to infinite acceleration accelerating an infinitely hot explosion.

Time in the early universe, and deep inside black holes is meaningless. For example equivalent of several hundred thousand trillion centuries pass on earth less than a cosmic second.
From our point of view of time it took the equivalent of a few hundreds of thousands years for enough for the first particles of matter appear, vigorously vibrating rubber band like enmities called strings.

The relative size are on a Planck scale. This scale is six, point, two, six, divided by ten forty-three three times, a forty zero and six, two, six fraction. The scientific notation is expressed as six, point, two, six, times ten to the minus forty-three

Mathematics tells us the reciprocal is the same number with no minus sign in the positive value. For example, six point, two, six multiplied by ten forty-three times a forty-three digit number ( six hundred and twenty six followed by forty zeros. ( Or six, point, two, six, times ten to the forty-three )
In time the Higgs Boson was formed giving the universe gravity like as dark matter.

The compression forces of the Higgs Boson dampened the energy of the strings. As the universe continued slowing down the strings collapsed into solid form of quarks and a whole zoo of particles collapsing together forming the first protons and neutron particles.

As The Higgs Boson plummeted energy further, protons and neutrons captured each others in orbits.

As the velocity slowed down further electrons appeared. And as the acceleration continued to drop away the proton and neutron cluster captured an electron in orbit round them creating the first hydrogen atoms.

Protons had a positive electrical charge where neutrons had no electrical charge. Protons repel protons. Electrons had a negative electrical charge which repel electrons. Protons attract electron like nails to a magnet. Thus the like repel and unlike law of electrons and protons.
It is believed there was a time of opposite electrically charged particles were created. These where negatively charged protons and positively charged electrons expressed as antimatter the same charges occupying the same space as the positive protons and negative electrons of matter.

There was a Planck positive scale explosion of the like charges repelling each other in a second. The first atoms of mater including antimatter annihilated each other. However there was a marginal winner. For every million antimatter particle there was a mater survivor.
In time there was enough hydrogen atoms in mass to form thick clouds to build the first stars.

A important thermal dynamic law of the universe that is the heart of star building. We experience bicycle pumps start to heat up when we force air in an already tight tire. The more we compact somthing that is already compacted the hotter it gets.

Operating on the principle enough Higgs Boson gravitational compaction on the hydrogen atoms heated up. With enough heat bombardments of the nucleus was enough for thermal nuclear eruptions could take place where the first stars born.

Their own gravity keeps compacting hydrogen atoms compressing electrons into the neighboring atoms. Heat expansion dueled with gravity trying to expand, gravity trying to crush the first stars out.
In time, hydrogen is used up. Gravity and heat is the strongest in the core. The Higgs Boson crushing inwards and the energy of the expanding heat, heats up the outer layers. It is the core that is the heart of the next processes.

The crushing core and expanding heat is heat energy and the energy of the stars from Higgs Bosons ( or gravity if you like ) compacting the outer electron orbits of the helium atoms into the neighboring outer obits creating the common atoms we see in the parabolic table of the elements.

The star's gravity crushing the first star and the expanding heat one by one the common atoms in of the parabolic table of the elements in each layer is created. The expanding heat expands the outer layers into the first red giants.

Iron is the most absorbent of energy of all the elements of the table. It drains the core of energy. Heat expansion pressure is reduced. The more iron processed the less core pressure. The expansion pressure of the outer layers are winning the battle with gravity swelling the star like a over inflated balloon.

Finally when there is not enough core pressure, the expanding outer core is free to burst into the first supernovas. The energy expels the outer layers on a light speed scale seeding the the universe with the parabolic table of the elements. Only supernovas are powerful enough to create the rare elements. The common elements are created during the stars life and the rare elements when stares go supernova.

While the expanding heat of the outer layers wins the war with gravity, gravity wins the war over the core crushing it inwards. The outer layers were free to detonate in the mother of all cosmic explosions

The volume of the core is reduced to a planet weighing the equivalent of the Planck constant in the positive value given in tones per cubic area in the mucus scale in the minus value of a second.
There is so much power to the gravitational collapse protons are fused into neutrons the mass ending up in what is called the first white neutron star dwarf stars. Only Hugh stars much bigger had the gravitational force to create the first black holes.

In time, the gravitational fields captured stars in orbit forming the first galaxies. From the universe point of only takes a short period of time to form millions of fully formed galaxies .From our point of view the equivalent of a few trillion years passing on earth.

If we compare in years the Planck constant in the positive scale and minus scales, for every second on earth, time was then, as it is now is meaningless to the universe.
If we calculate the number of zeros to a Planck constant in the years is way-way beyond the age of the current universe let a lone when our sun dies.

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Plate tectonics, earth science, Geology, equakes and volcanoes

There's a link between Albert Einstein's theory or general relativity earth science, geology, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Recent cosmological discovery of gravity waves proved Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity right. The theory published the second year of world war one proposed the mass of stars and planets bend space. Space is not flat as flat as every body thinks. It is pot holed by the presence of mass.

The mass of a body in space shrink raps the round the entire circumference of every star, planet, asteroid comet to specks of dust including earth. The entire circumference of the earth's crust is under enormous compression of distorted space.

It this shrink raped space by the mass of the earth that holds the earth's oceans and the atmosphere to the surface. The earth is calculated to be the equivalent of about 18 trillion metric tones of weight of distorted space compressing  the entire circumference of the planet.

Every body in the universe including the sun and earth, distorts the rubbery texture of space in a thee dimensional pressure round them. The earth's mass pulls space inward on the Antarctic circle in the North as much as a inward pull on Antarctica in the south.

The general theory was the result of the original1905 special theory about what happens to mass traveling on a light speed scale. High speed Rolla Coasters producing the equivalent of a pull back force reminiscent to gravity expresses the idea.

Connell John Paul Stapp was an American air force officer who pioneered the study of the effects of acceleration and deceleration forces predicted in the special theory of relativity, on humans. A colleague of Chuck Yeager he became known as "the fastest man on earth" He once accelerated on a rocket sled 0 to 421kmph to a stop in less than a quarter minute.

We normally experience the equivalent of a few kilograms of weight pulling us back into our seats we have been expressing as G's. When Rolla Coasters at rest is one G equivalent to a kilogram per cubic meter of the earth's mass compressing space. Mathematics has calculated out 9.8 Newtown's of gravitational force

Experiencing twice our body weight is equivalent of experiencing 2G's of force, equivalent of feeling like several kilograms weighing us back into our seats, three times, three G's and four times four G's and so on. Stapp experienced acceleration then the deceleration at black out levels

Unless the moon not spinning is the exception to the rule, rules out the spin of a mass creates gravity. But, the earth is not a perfect sphere due to the centrifugal forces though. The earth coasts round the sun in the zero resistance of space, while spinning on it's axis close to 12 O'clock angle faster than a bullet. The centrifugal forces compress each pole inwards distorting a bulge at the equator. There is a little less force at the poles.

The earth's spin drags, the fluid nature of Magma ( The same stuff that flows on the surface of erupting volcanoes ) around.

Magma is exceeding rich in iron moving round the iron core plays a key roll in generating the earth's magnetic field. The earth is essentially a magnetized ball bearing the Artic circle's magnetic field in the North and Antarctica's magnetic field in the south. Opposite magnet fields of magnets attract each other and the same fields repel with the same strength applies to the earth's magnetic field.

The air we breath and the oceans of the world is held to the surface of the by the enormous shrink rap distortion of space surrounding the earth. Studying fluid motion ( the earth's atmosphere if you kike ) is very fluid. Like magma it is dragged about all over the world by the momentum forces of the earth's spin.

The earth atmosphere is littered with pot marks of highly mobile high and low pressure spots caused by the sun evaporating water and dragged round by the pressure of the spinning earth.

High pressure zones are maxed out high air pressure. They just don't get any more higher thasn they do. Low pressure spots suck in air like black holes sucking in matter in a spiral generating high winds and bad weather often blocked by the maxed out high pressure systems.

The high pressure atmosphere has a certain psychological spirit lifting appeal while the psychological depression feeling we get from drab and gaudy days of low pressure systems has on us. We can all feel the dampness in the air and the psychological blues of the gaudy day of a low pressure system.

Thermal dynamics tell us compression produces heat. An example, the heat we feel from a bicycle pump, that begins to heat up when pumping air into a already tight tire. The more pressure we add to the hotter the pump feels.

Compress somthing that is already tightly compressed drives the temperature up. The mass of stars shrink wrapping space compressing stars is what drives their temperature. The same warped space surrounding earth is the drive that generates the earth's geology, earthquake and volcanic outbursts.

Geology tells us the earth's crust is made up of plates. Video and earth science library books show images of the earth like a cracked egg shell.

The force of the shrink raped space is equivalent to an enormous weight of the plates compressing magma. It has been calculated to be the mass of the earth equivalent of about 18 trillion tones of warping space.

In orbit round the earth time is a few milliseconds ( the standard metric system prefix mill lee for a thousandth ) of a second faster than at sea level. It is a little slower on the top floor of a tall sky scrappers but still faster than than the street bellow.

The shrink rap of space slows time and the earth's is no exception. Deep under our feet time is much slower. The more we approach the core the stronger the gravitational pull. Time for the core is a lot slower than on the surface. Down there is a second or two slower than than a few hundred kilometers above the surface in space.

The forces of the earth's mass collapsing space round the crust and spin is the key the movement  magma. The magma is highly fluid and mobile. The magma is under the enormous heavy weight of the crust of the continental plates  keeping it molten.

The shrink rap compression of space drives the temperature of the magma up. It's literally boiling like boiling water pressure. Added to that the plates are billions of tones of heavy weight. The boiling nature of the magma is crushed and squeezed from the immense forces under the weight of the earth's crust.

The plates are transported like rafts on the fluid magma like water currents on a quiet lake currying colliding rafts together. Magma convention currents pull some plate overriding each on top of same and pressed hard in parallel while moving sideways alongside each other. The overdoing mechanism of locking is called sudation.

It is here where volcanic outbursts occur.

Pressure of the circulating magma currents locking up the plates sold grows in enormous pressure. The magma is squeezed under millions of tones force to boil under the extreme heat adding pressure.

Under billions of tones per kilometer of force is squeezed up fissures in the seduction zone in the earth's crust. The fissure itself is squeezed often squeezed narrow. Enough pressure forces and squeezes magma up the fissure out let the peak of a mountain like tooth paste out of a tooth past tube we call a volcano. The pressure from behind is relentless until it balance out in the shutting down of the eruption.

The same pressure can cause an earthquake. The overriding plate builds up a heavy pressure trying to move over the other but can't move because it is jammed in position. This is the a fault lines under seas as well as inland of cotenants.

Seismologists haven't yet been able to pin point the exact location under pressure to take measurements. All they can do is measure the stress where ever they can found on the surface of the studied fault line to the nearest.

It is only after the fault gives way Seismological instruments read outs give clues to the location of the original stress point. Sections of the fault line deep under ground suddenly un stick from the pressure slipping down or upward a few meters felt as an earthquake.

Plate boundaries sliding in opposite parallel directions are called strike slips. Overriding each are expressed a sudation slips. Millions of years of uplift earthquakes is mountain building.

A tiny number in quantum physics, discovered by a German physics Max Planck called a Planck constant over a century ago, revolutionized they way cosmologists measure the universe.

A tiny number in quantum physics, discovered by a German physics max Planck over a century ago, revolutionized they way cosmologists measure the universe.

What makes the Planck constant so special mathematics express common camp fires should produce an infinite amount of radiation. Infinite is way beyond even supernovas could put out. The math's told physics even something as hot as lava. Despite what the math's said it doesn't get any hotter than a few thousand digress. According to ,the arthritic small fires let a lone volcanoes would have incinerated the earth a long time ago. Never the less, it was what the math's said. what irked physicists mathematics can't lie you know.

In 1898 Planck took up the challenge solving the riddle of the theory of the ultra violet light catastrophe problem. Using conventional math's wouldn't cut it. In desperation he turned to looking outside the black box.

By December 1900 he finally announced he'd found a solution to the ultra violet light catastrophe problem. To do it he had to look at nature as discreet units of time and energy he called quota representing the smallest amount of time, mass and energy. It was like in modern terms everybody looking at nature as smooth analogue system someone announcing had reoriented nature is digital.

His math's came up with a finite unit, six point, two, six divided by ten forty three times, forty zeros followed by six, two, six, a total of a forty three decimal fraction representing a quota.

The scientific notation, is six point two, six, times ten to the minus forty three written down with a little razed minus sign and forty three just to the right of the ten. Mathematics tells us the reciprocal is six, point, two, six followed by forty zeros. It is the same notation, without the minus sign marking it a positive value. ( Six, point two, six, times ten to the forty three respectively )

Because Planck's number was constant physicists, were captivated because constants are rational numbers that avoid the infant properties of irrational numbers. Planck's constant put an end to the ultra violet light catastrophe theory why the idea of Quota was so readily excepted and popular idea from day one.

Planck's constant was able to express the smallest discrete unit of length, and time, and everything else in the universe including matter, mass and energy on the Planck constant scale so efficiently.

Before Albert Einstein's special theory of reality was published Einstein published a paper embracing Planck's quota as a particle of light today whey know as Photons. Perhaps the best description of his paper describing how modern solar cell technology works converting light to useful electrical energy called the photo electric effect.

Classical physics tell us light travels in waves like a pendulum swing. Plank's Quota tells us as individual light particles, photons. They accelerate past the rest position slowing down to a stop at a maximum distance. Then reversing direction accelerates past the rest position slowing down to a stop the opposite equal distance to reverse direction repeating the cycle many times a second.

The maximum peak to peak distance is the wavelength. Mathematics says the frequency of a low frequency ( or long wavelength ) and the high frequency ( or short wavelength ) can be any where to infinitely short or infinitely long. In other words light is analogue. However Planck's Quota tells us a rather digital like representation.

Planck's math's show his constant to be the maximum value. In other words a maximum low frequency of  a cycle takes six point two, six times ten to the forty three seconds to complete. The maximum high frequency is same positive value per second.

Einstein pointed out high frequency has the potential efficient energy to knock electrons out of orbits and low frequency hasn't. For example low heat at high frequency has more photo electric effect than high heat at low frequency. It is the frequency ( or wavelength ) that is the key to photo electric effect physics, not heat.

The light we see is too low frequency. It is the high frequency of the UV rays ( Ultra Violet light ) we can't see that tan us at beaches is the source of photo electric effect in modern solar panels.

After world war one, quantum physics in Europe took off at an cracking pace. From the 1920's onwards a Danish Physicist Niles Bore embraced Planck's quota idea as part of atomic structure.

Throughout his career he promoted Planck's quota in atomic theory. The standard idea atoms are made of a cloud of orbiting particles called electrons racing round a core of particles called neutron and Protons. Planck's constant was ideal way to represent the space between every particle.

Bore proposed the electron orbits were fixed. They share each others orbits by disappearing and reappearing again in another orbit at a Planck second at the Planck constant in positive value in a second. They cannot jump past the first orbit into the nucleus.

Cosmology tells us the universe is made up of strings, rather like vibrating rubber bands on a Planck constant scale. They believe they make up membranes called M theory. library books on atoms, the universe and quantum physics have published captured snap shot of the giant particle accelerator at Cern Switzerland tracing, Quarks, neutrinos, Boson  and a whole zoo of other particles that make up the neutrons and Protons that make up the center of atoms.

The photos are the traces of debris from crashed together close to a light speed scale the core ( nucleus ) of the atom. Think of the energy released by a pair of cars colliding together at a combined 220kmph on impact.

The images are traces the explosive kinetic energy of the particles. In terms of kmph close to a 1,080,000,000kmph ( or less than 300,000km/s if you like ) crash. It is only the violence of the collisions that produce the tiniest of particles.

These particles appear and disappear less than a second.