Bicycle rear derailleur, gear changer fix

The biggest challenge for us commuter is living in a hilly neighbourhood. Some of us have learnt to get the most from the gearing range instead of getting up off the seat for every grade. These days although no budget bike, Electric Power Assisted ( EPA ) bikes are now becoming common.

Personal transport every day becomes a lot of ware and tear. Building up a lot of kilometres commuting hilly religions gear changers get a lot of use. There comes a time the mechanism starts the habit of poor shifting response. It can be a sign of cable sticking problem developing. Before you read on cable sticking should be first ruled out.

Other than that, commonly budget types, become well worn. Large sprockets tend to stretch the derailleur to maximum twisting particularly the rear derailleur jockey wheel cage and hangers parts.

Bicycle manufactures stress their case in point as far as standard budget gear changers are concerned anyway, not recommending the use of the maximum large front and rear sprocket combination. The derailleur parts and chain are set at maximum stress twist, stretch and chain angle.

Minor chain link distortions start caused by a gradually twisting derailleur parts. Twisting jockey wheel cages  chains rub on the misaligned angle. Another source of chain link distortion is clunking gears specially moving upward from moving upwards from the smallest sprockets. It should not be ignored for to long. A sign is scared teeth marks on the tip of the teethes. Time to inspect the chain for signs of distorted chain inks before they get so bad will come apart. A slight twist will get worse in time.

A simple experiment with a brand new bike is a reasonable facsimile of what a any system should be.

The chain engaged with the largest front chain wheel and the largest rear sprocket. When the peddles are spun rapidly backwards in the freewheeling direction there will be no resistance. You should be able to spin freely quite a rapid spin with out jamming. Operating on the principle of a new bike action it's a reasonable guide of what we'd expect any system should be.

Gear change mechanism designs are influenced by the rear wheel drop outs, from competition racing and  mountain bikes to standard budget commuter to the non standard long stretched frame designs of tandem and cargo carrying capability bikes.

Competition race bikes tend to have small rear sprockets and very large front chain wheel designs. Standard budget commuter mountain bike tend to have a fairly large rear sprocket and front chain wheels. Competition models quite small front chain wheels.

Off the shelf stock budget defaulters are not really interchangeable. They certainly won't work on tandem and cargo carrying capacity bikes. Long tail cargo carrying capacity bikes need tandem derailleurs. Fitting standard budget types just won't work properly if not at all. Any brand will do so long as it compensate for the extra long frame. Searching the web or visiting shops for rear gear changers for the extra long tail cargo carrying capacity bikes be sure to use the search word term Tandem.

There is two types referred to the way they are mounted each one with their unique way of doing this. Common on budget bikes, hangers are built on the derailleur itself. They are typical budget changers mounted on the open C shape of the rear wheel drop out of budget bikes hanger and all. Standard budget bikes are standard enough the gear changers easy to get.

Alternatively hangers are often found built in as part of the rear drop out in the frame itself. Fasteners are built in the derailleur. Budget bikes tend to be fixed and irremovable interchangeable with off the shelf budget derailleur  while expensive bikes tend to readily removed for any need of replacement. Both are fairly common.

Standard budget derailleurs fitted to quietly bikes tend to be the wrong types specially tandem and long tail cargo fames causing gear changing inefficiency. Even only just working puts stress on the derailleur reverts in budget types holding the body together can be a significant cause of gear change inefficiency. The first signs of a twisting out of alignment is the habit of constantly adjusting the stop screws to stop chains from derailing at the extreme ends of the gear cluster. It also happens when the gear changing is constant copy with hill tertian cities and neighbourhoods

For the the screw on derailleur threaded hangers weakening threads will twist the derailleurs out of alignment. This is common with long tailed cargo bikes designs. Standard budget derailleurs won't work properly. Aluminum hangers are used in the event of a crash acting as a safety feature breaking away. Aluminum is always dodgy disadvantage. Just looking at aluminum threads side ways they cross thread.

The constant use of the gearing range keeps an on going weakening already weekend threads and twisting the hanger. Theoretically high tensile Iron and steel threads specially carbon fibber frames should cure the problem. But for preferred safety reasons aluminium is preferred.

Even occasional crashing of the rear gearing shouldn't be overlooked in the first place. Guided by the efficiency of back peddling freewheel new bike behaviour. The gear jockey wheel chain route condition is a reasonable derailleur and hanger guide condition. We should aim our repairs to close as possible to new bikes do.

Inspecting the tread of screw on changers don't over look dodgy looking threads when reassembling it because you will only make things worse in cross threading trying not to cross thread it when attempting to reassemble it. If you do with out new parts to get yourself up and running quickly again on hand you'll only regret it making things worse. Off the shelf standard budget spare derailleurs are not interchangeable to most bike certainly not the extra long length of cargo bike fames.

Trying to careful reassemble back on into a dodgy thread you will only have everything falling apart faster than you can put it back to getter again. If it doesn't matter to get going quickly again with new parts on hand you can't get yourself going again when ever you want. On gear cluster side of the drop there will be some form of unscrewing element provided where the hanger can be replaced with the new one.

All bikes except for some macho sprint and mountain  bikes have a spoke guard behind the rear gear cluster. Riding all the time in the largest rear sprocket large front chain wheel combination is the biggest contributor to the twisting gear derailleur twisting the hanger and damaging thread problem. Well warn changers  tend to catch the chain derailing off between the spokes and the largest gear sprocket.

Budget bikes tend to be clip on spokes plastic clip on's. In cold whether conditions they tend to get a bit fatigued brittleness. A twisted and well worn changer jockey wheel cages tend to clip the ridge of the guard chipping at it. In bad case ripping great chunks out of it. Any sign should be headed as a sign of worn derailleur and dodgy threads that soon going to let you down. If you won't to get up and running don't touch a thing treating it as inevitable you will be ending up having to by a new derailleur and hanger parts anyway.

When plastic bike guards get fatigued it's possible to break to peace's getting it out from behind the gear cluster. This is a sign of cold wet whether fatigue. Eventually the derailleur cadge dragging on the guard chips pieces off. The derailleur cadge is starting the habit of chipping off and eventual the risk of getting entangled in the spokes. If there is a persistent problem it should not be ignored when attempting to fix though adjustment. Time to replace the gear changer or hanger or both before they become a state everything made worse faster than you can fix it.

The following is assuming a brand new bike. It also an ideal case the deadlier should be the correct derailur for the bike. Don't ignore the signs of a sign of a warped warn out changer or and an on going cross threading in the gear changer threaded and the signs of the wrong type for the design of the frame

For both the front and rear changers adjust the smallest sprocket stop screw moving the derailleur inwards the chain just rubbing the derailleur cadge. Undo the inner cable fastener enough you can pull on the inner wire tail and retighten. As you readjust the stop screw back the slack will pull the cadge away from the chain.

The stop screws are like door stops preventing the chain from riding off the cogs into the spokes and the or jamming in the drop out stay. Changing different speed derailleur have a certain amount of  tolerance but most of the time not enough to prevent the derailleur to operate properly specially if modifying a10 speed frame to a 21 speed bike. The stop screw lengths can be effected where you may need longer or shorter screws. If you ride your bike in winter as much as you do summer odds are the wet weather has clogged stiff the changer

Not only in the changer mechanism but the inner wire cable sliding both ends of the outer cable. Neglected specially weather related a complete overhaul of the inner wire cable inside the outer to free the corrosion can often be necessary. Before you remove a derailleur set the handlebar changer engaging the largest sprocket, turn your bike upside down resting on the seat and handle bars and observe the "S" route though the jockey wheel cadge.

That is how you reassemble the chain route though the derailleur when you reassemble it. The most important observation the chain route should wrap well forward on the sprocket. It should not be straight. If it is the teeth of the sprocket can't engage the chain and you have extreme gear changing difficulties. When reassembling the derailleur you must make sure the stop screws are adjusted allowing the derailleur to run the chain well forward on the sprocket. Exchanging derailleur can off set this resulting in not pulling the chain forward on the sprocket resulting in a straight chain. A good dose of CRC spray concentrating on each end of the outer cable will free up the corrosion.

CRC won't immediately fix your problem but will in time free the inner cable. Spraying the derailleur with CRC often cures stiff nut and bolt anchoring the inner cable problems. A too oily derailleur attracts to much road dirt clogging the spring mechanism gumming up the efficiency of the spring function.

In the wet the oil is washed off leaving the grit behind. The changer needs to be taken off and the excess cleaned off ideally with petrol like motor mechanics clean excess oil from parts.  The springs need to be free to pull the derailleur pulling the chain off the largest sprocket to the smaller ones smoothly. There is also a back lateral movement. If it is the derailleur doesn't come forward the jockey wheel To avid grit clogging up the derailleur again lubricate with CRC spray instead keeping dirt from sticking to it. The same applies to the inner wire cables at both ends of the outer cable.

Calculus is a form of the laws of mathematics calculating movement and constant change. Curved lines are mathematically plotted.

The mathematics  was used by Albert Einstein to figure out the General theory of relativity ideal for plotting 3-D curvatures of his theory. Today it is the primary math's in animated computer software

The math's was invention stimulatingly by a British scientist Isaac Newton and a German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz working on the same lines. Throughout their careers they argued bitterly accusing each other of stealing their ideas. ( Paganism )

If it was up to Leinbniz the math's would have been known as Fluxions. Newton named it Calculus credited to him because of the of mathematical formulae solutions he invented to describe the motion of the curving orbits of the planets of our solar system.

Both Newton and Leibniz independently discovered they could twist the law of mathematics successfully exploring formulas, Leibniz into deducing formulas for projecting canon ball motions. Newton was inspired on similar lines bodies in motion falling to the ground. Why do apples drop to the ground the way they do? A flash of insight  Things are attracted to it followed the inspiration they are in motion in doing so. To Newton's mind as Leibniz would have agreed needed mathematical proof's.

Here is a example of how the law of mathematics works in projecting motion in the physics of a free falling body by the earth's gravity.

Newtown would agree with my example holding a kilogram ( or equivalent in pounds if you like ) block of iron over the ledge of the roof of a tall sky scraper where  we feel the force of the earth's mass pulling on it.

When we let go the earth's mass snatches it accelerating to a meter in a second and stops accelerating to a constant velocity familiar to most of us as terminal velocity.

Terminal velocity is caused by the force of the acceleration pulling back on it we express as G-forces. It is known as the inertia of a moving body. The G's ( or inertia if you like ) gets stronger in proportion the faster a it falls until the body gets so heavy with weighed down the earth's mass can't accelerate it any faster. It has reach a maximum free fall costing speed.

The resulting constant is a terminal acceleration point where free the falling kilogram can't coast down the side of the building any faster. The body impacts the immovable body of the mass of the earth with a force on the foot path of the street bellow. Newtown thought a lot about the the similar effects of the fall of apples doping from apple trees. He observed apples tended to bounces slightly.

Leibniz was inspired by the change of velocity once a body was set in motion. For example a cannon ball ejected in motion from standing start to rest. Newtown on the other hand was inspired by his though apples falling was in motion regular math's couldn't account for. So both Newton and Leibniz turned their attention to manipulating of the laws of mathematics to suit the needs.

The principles of the law of mathematics was idea. It effectively converts the1kg meter per second terminal velocity to kmph terms witch pans out to be 3.6kmph. It happens to say the same thing as a meter per second. Their math's uncovered mathematical proofs that free fall costing would cover a distance of 3.6km in by time of an one hour TV program. In other words, 3.6kmph equals a distance of 3.6km coasting a 1m/s.

Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a matter of multiplying sixty seconds in a minute and sixty minutes in an hour adds up to 3,600 seconds.

Those into challenging mathematics Newtown's calculus ( Or Leibniz's fluxions ) uncovers how many floors our coasting body would travel in the first second, and how many floors per second after that during constant decent.

q`The knowledge of the standard metric system telling us there is a thousand meters in a km projects the the 1m/s velocity equals 3.kmph velocity. Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a matter adding up all the seconds of an hour panning out to 60 seconds in a minute multiplied by the same 60 ( expressed as sixty squared ) because there is 60 minutes in an hour pans out to 3,600 seconds.

In other words a simple calculus formula says 3,600 seconds equals 60 squared. As Newtown and Leibniz would say because there is a constant 60 seconds in a minute and a constant 60 minutes in an hour, 3,600 seconds equals 60 squared is a math's constant. A letter from the Greek or our own alphabet chosen to stand as a reminder applied to any calculus formula.

C is not a good choice because it is already taken for the constant speed of light. Somthing else is needed to prevent confusion.

That immediately sounds about right to you mathematical instinct. Your instinct immediately agrees of course there is a meter every second that must equal to 3,600 meters in an hour of motion. In other words 3,6kmph velocity. This is an example of a caucus calculation. The calculation shows a 1kg block falling from a height of 3.6km up in the earth's atmosphere takes and hour to hit the ground. Mathematics can't lie you know.

Our immediate thought is all this sounds about right to us because our mathematical instinct recognizes dividing 3,600 by a thousand gives us 3.6 every 1m/s the k for a thousand. This is a calculus number crunching at work. To Newton and Lebiniz 3.6kmph is a mathematical function of 1kg free falling motion in 1m/s.

The laws of mathematics proves it. In other words any number crunching is a mathematical function of velocity. In this way Newton and Leizbin discovered a collection of formulas are just a rearmament of numbers saying the same thing.

For example if we look to a common child's time table chart checking out 3 times table  3  5's are 15 we find the same sum is found in the 5 times as 5  3's is the same 15.  That is only half the story.

If we dived 15 in the times 5 table by 3, we find 5 because 5,   3's are 15. If we check out the the times we find dividing 15 by 5 we get 3 because 5,  3's is 15 respectively.

This means 5 x 3 = 15,   3 x 5 = 15,  15 divide ( over if you like ) 3 is 5 and 15 divide 5 is 3 because 3,  5's are 15. The 4 formulas we fond in 2 different places in the whole table say the same thing. In other words they are the functions of 15. This is the law of mathematics doing in calculus.

Our mathematical is instinct agrees 5 and 3 is the function of 15. Such as the function law of calculus. Operating on the principle f for function any number for x and some times n for numbers describes a function in operation in a calculus formula. In this case describing the function of the free falling 1kg in the earth's gravity. 1m/s is a function of 3.6kmph. 1m/s = 3.6kmph = fx. ( or fn ).

In other words every answer in each sum of every sum all the other numbers are just functions of each answer. Recognizing the pattern in the entire table range your are well on the way in recognizing how calculus works.

As it turns out the 1kg at terminal velocity is 9.8 Newton's the unit of the the earth's gravity. If supermarket weighing scales are celebrated with Newton's, 9.8N would read 1kg of a stationary force of the 1kg at rest mass.

Newton and Leibniz math's describes 80kmph represents moving a distance of 80km into the future. Their math's projects the future hour is going to be the present hour the past hour, Calculus number crunching converts 80kmph into meters per second velocity respectively.

Lets mark the distance of 80km in 10km increments. We can be perfectionists like Newton and Leibniz to mark out the whole 50k in millimeters if you like. These into challenging mathematics will be doing the same challengers working out how many millimeters goes into 50km. Newton and Leibniz would have been interested in applying their new invention on the time of every millimeter in the whole distance traveled. They wouldn't hesitated in the challenge working out in millimeters per second.

The way they looked at the math's also proved it takes into account of a cross town variables of a say 5km trip. Newton and Leibniz would agree It would be the equivalent to opening out the cross town route to the same distance into a straight line. It projects the difference between a 5km highway equivalent.

With a bit of liner math's we can project how long at a constant speed on a state highway ( say 80kmph headed in what every direction the time to cover the distance. 80kmph and the distance of 5km is the data required.

Now lets say at the end of the straight line trip we turned round and headed to we we started.

Newtown and Leibniz  would have seen the change of direction coming back the other way changes things because we are going in another direction namely the reverse direction.

If we where originally North going we are now south going. Newtown and Leibinz would have looked at directions going one way adding up the kilometers. The reverse direction meant their math's was compelled to say returning back to the start takes away meaning back at the beginning is zero kilometers. The two different directions is the key. Even though in reality the speedometer says different mathematically the return journey took away the kilometers were we started.

Lets have a look at a pendulum swing. Calculus tells us the pendulum cycle would begin at stationary position moving though the motion. Passing the vertical hanging position it slowing approaching to a stop at the peak distance. Calculus is interested in how long it takes and the angle of the string to reach maximum distance.

Calculus is the kind of math's interested in the inertial forces generated at the change of direction. Here returning the opposite direction is a change of direction reaccelerating back towards the vertical position.

Passing the vertical position it is slowing down again to come to a stop to reverse direction to speed back up passed the vertical position to decelerate to a stop at the opposite extreme to return repeating the cycle. The 2 change of directions is the total length of the wavelength.

Calculus is the kind of math's that plots the stationary vertical point not the wavelength because any vertical hang is a zero motion position. If the motion of the swing takes a second from the vertical hang position to maximum peak the deceleration and reaccelerating is a 1/2 second passing though in motion though the vertical hang position.

The cycle takes a half second to accelerate from a peak passing back thought the vertical hang point slowing down to returning to the opposite. When the pendulum stops to reverse direction it recalculates passing though the vertical hang point slowing down again to the opposite maximum distance repeating the cycle.

Calculus is the kind of math's that plots the motion though the vertical rest position. The wavelength is the maximum distance of the peak to peak of the cycle in the example I've been giving you in a total of 4 seconds. In other words the total wavelength is 4 seconds per cycle frequency. If twice as fast 2 seconds and twice as fast 1 cycle per second.

Calculus is the kind of math's that projects the acceleration and deceleration passing though the vertical hang point at a cycle of a second per velocity is 1/4 second ( or 250mS ).

The frequency is called Hertz ( Hz ). The standard metric system prefix system for electromagnetic radio and television transition signals kilo ( key low ) for a thousand, Mega for a million and Giga for a thousand million times per second. ( Kilohertz, Megahertz and Gigahertz, KHz, MHz and GHz respectively ).

The wavelengths using the standard metric system prefixes milli ( mill lee ) for a thousandth, micro ( or micron if you like ) for a millionth, and Nano for a thousand millionth of a meter. ( mili- micro- and Nano meters, mm, Um, and Nm wavelengths respectively ).

We can easily appreciate how tiny the wavelength's are observing millimeter scales in common school rulers. Calculus rules tell us millimeter wavelengths are just the inverse of KHz frequencies. 1mm wavelength is a 1KHz frequency.

Micrometers can be barely seen in engineering rules 10 times smaller than mm an  inverse of  Megahertz frequencies. A micrometer wavelength is a 1MHz frequency.

Nanometers is our body cell scale. A 1 Nanohertz wavelength is a 1GHz frequency. It is the wavelength that fits across any cell width.

Today everything is digitized. The latter described is analogue. There is a minimum and maximum peak to peak and in between.

Also imagine switching your room switch off and on. You should manage a off/on frequency of about a Hertz. Every time you switch off there is still a residue of current in motion.

When you switch back on the residue current from switched off is still reseeding but now becomes entangled with the current surge when you switch back on.

The entanglement of the on/of surges is what causes a lot of interference properties, the old snowing and conducting the signal bouncing off buildings the old ghosting effect we don't see now.

Going back to the light switch when you switch on imagine this time there is no residue current. The power is completely fixed level off. When you switch back on there is no residue either. The power is completley fixed level on. The important thing to remember there is no between distinction. Either the light bulb is drawing power on or not drawing power when off.

There is no residue inference nor can it pick up any bouncing signal effect. However we do see interference  effect on television occasionally caused by a sudden drain of power dropping the fixed current level below power to maintain the signal. So apart from that digital tends to be impervious to interference.

Not only that TV's are really your commuters multimedia circuit offering the same high rich resolution definition quality your multimedia in your computer is capable of. The laws of calculus allows mathematicians to be TV engineers from the data supplied by TV engineers from the makers.

Short tem menory

Today psychologists call short term memory working memory. But for now we'll stick to what's familiar.

An Instructor writes on a blackboard to a child 3 plus 7 equals 10, instructing the child to concentrate on the numbers letting the information sink in for a minute then erasing the 10.

A few minutes latter asks what does 3 plus 7 equal? Average working memory will immediately remember the 10. Obviously a sign of average short term memory working as it should.

However confused waiting for the answer "EH" look on their face is a obvious sign of below average short term memory problem.

Ignoring the confusion the instructor patiently tells the child the answer. A few minutes latter asks if they remember what 3 plus 7 equals was.

Once again the child will seem confused but this time they pucker their lips to think a bit. Some how knows they have been told. Their Brian is asking for confirmation. Ignoring this the instructor calmly tells the child the answer again.

After a minute the instructor repeats the question

This time the child expresses some facial and uncomfortable and frustrated body language signs they remembered something but can't quite remember the details feeling a bit sheepish they had been be told a couple of times. Ignoring this the instructor patiently and calmly tells the child the answer again.

The child's body language expresses they ought to have known the answer not underrating why they couldn't remember.

Ignoring this a few minutes latter the instructor calming and penitently asks the question again.

The child squirms in frustration in trying to think because they know they should know the answer. Remerging already told a couple times they feel they ought to know better not know the answer but still can't remember.

Ignoring this the instructor patiently tellsthe child the answer again.

The child reacts with body language frustration as if recognition "OHHH! That's right! Tisck! I remember now! How stupid can I get!" with a touch of embarrassment.

Ignoring this a few minutes latter the instructor ask calmly again what 3 plus 7 equals again.

This time the child squirms and puckers their lips in trying to remember thinking hard knowing they ought to know the answer but can't remember.

Cool calm and collected as ever the instructor ignoring this calmly tells the child the answer again

The child's body language is really expressing embarrassment frustration at not being able to remember.

Ignoring this a few minutes latter the instructor calmly asks what 3 plus 7 equals.

This time the child is in a bit of a panic they should know the answer by now but for the life of the child still can't remember.

The instructor still cool calm and collected as ever about it calmly tells the child 10.

The child's body language and facial expression  says it all, "OHHHH! Tisck! That's right, I remember now! Of course I've already told a few times already. How stupid can I get! Tisk, I don't know!" Explaining to the instructor I forget again or I don't know.

A few minutes latter  the instructor simply as a mater of fact way calmly ask what is 3 plus 7.

This time the panic is obvious. The body language tells the instructor the child knows they have been told more than once already. In a panic tries to remember the answer but for the life of them they can't remember

Ignoring this the instructor calmly tells the child in a mater of fact tone the answer again

This time the Childs whole body language expresses so much frustration.  "Of course it does! How stupid of me to not being able to member"  beating themselves up about it how they are so stupid they should remember.

Ignoring this a few minutes latter the instructor just calmly ask the child what 3 plus 7 equal again.

This time the child is in a real panic trying to remember. Remember they have been told time and time again already they panic ally tells the instructor "No don't tell I know this one I know it" Trying desperately thinking hard to remember but can't.

Ignoring the child's plea tells the child repeats the answer.

By now the child's facial reaction and body language is obvious awkwardness, uncomfortable, embarrassed, frustrated and disappointed in having to be told. Again!

Again the instructor ignores this a few minuets latter still asking calmly and patiently what does 3 plus 7 equal?

This time the child is in a real panic they know they know the answer struggling to think. "Think! Think! Think!"

Ignoring the reaction again just calmly tells the child again.

This time the child is annoyed at the instructor telling the answer.

 Ignoring this a few minutes latter once again calmly asks what is 3 plus 10.

This time the child is in a real panic trying to think struggling to remember knowing they should but is struggling to. Finally the child blurts out loud at the top of their voice 10! That's right it's10! 10! 10! Now I know" in relief delight

The body language expressing frustration and embarrassment beating them selves up how could they not remember in the first place. "How stupid of me"

The instructor happily congregates and supports the child in a effort well done.

In reality under normal circumstances the child would have been treated like from some other planet at the first or the second attempt. This is what bellow average short term working memory children must learn to live with all their lives.

The psychologist keeping cool calm and collected supporting the child at the end of the session had gained a rapport gaining valuable data of what's going on in the child's life gaining insight into designing an effective treatment program.

Children with average short term working memory tend to be treated with fair reverence by adults and their pair groups alike. Above average are treated as cool and intelligent. Below average are often ignored by adults and treated as two bit under achieving loser gaining the attention of buying pair croups because they are so slow.

We all do it. It seems to be a part of the human psyche. The next time you see a picture of a face reflect the person's face is below average short term memory. Then compare your reaction that to the same parson's face as average and compare your reaction to above average. 

Below average often gets the silent treatment not to mention bullied. No support a child can easily grow up feeling very inferior and resentful at the reverence showed by others towards average let a lone to above average pairs, At times I bet they feel as if rubbing their noses in it if done in their company. Feelings of resentment must well up can lead to all sorts of heated conflicts.

If we study successful entrepreneur and marketing guru business people we may find they may have been successful because using a  remarkable short term working memory. We only need to reflect what happens to individuals with below average short term memory skills let a lone below average to understand that.

String Thoery

String theory is heart of the atom. Nature makes up mater everything out of molecule building blocks made up of the building blocks of cells in turn made up of the building blocks of the atom. Even a microscope worth a lot of money is like trying to observe marbles with powerful binoculars 1000's of km's away.

Even smaller are orbiting negative particles called electrons orbiting a central core ( or nucleus if you like ) is made up of  bigger positively charged particles called protons and neutrally charged particles called neutrons called the nucleus itself the heart of string theory itself.

String theory was developed from accelerating atoms on light a speed scale. Enormous amount G-forces ( G's if you like ) produced is so powerful experience close to Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity effects. G's is the property of the pull back force on accelerating.

We this force in accelerating roller coaster rides as a if a heavy weight of a couple kilograms pulling us back into our seats. It is expressed as the property of matter in motion called inertia. Inertia at light speed generate G's traveling a distance of just under 300,000km in one second flat.

This is accentually one of Isaac Newton's force and motion laws on a light speed scale where there is a force ( the acceleration )  there is an equal and opposite force ( the inertia or G's if you like ) at work. Inertia slows down acceleration to a constant velocity. At maximum speed limit if you like.

A body accelerated can't be accelerated any further. The maximum speed velocity of the particles accelerated by particle accelerators is just under light speed itself. It is as fast as they can go. Light speed itself is a velocity they it doesn't go any faster either.

The G's is so great it strips electrons from off the atom leaving only the bare nucleus. The velocity of the particles is enough to resist the inertia at the cost of getting heaver and heavier in equal proportion the faster the nucleus goes. Eventually inertia becomes irresistible where the nucleus can't travel any faster.

They reach a maximum speed limit expressed as a terminal velocity point or as I put it acceleration is terminated where it is a terminal acceleration point. Terminal acceleration is reached less than a second as soon as the particles are kicked into motion.

The nucleus is collided head on with other nucleus heading the opposite direction at the same velocity. The combined velocity is strong enough to split the nucleus scattering debris like the combined force of 160kmp ( or a 100mph if you like ) car smash. Instruments record the scattering of all sorts of particles.

The inertia of the collision causes some particles to come into existence. But they disappear less than a second. There is a whole zoo found quarks for one. The collusions have shown they only originate near light collisions splitting up the protons and neutrons.

There are other particles like the newly observed Higgs Boson believed to be responsible for the inertia of in the mass of the nucleus particles.

Physics have discovered a theory quarks inside the protons and neutrons are made of strings. The are so tiny like trying to observe a shoe string clear across the other side of the universe.

Physicist believe they are vibrating like string instrument strings. Just one pluck of a single guitar string generates a sound wave we recognize as single guitar note. Lets take a punk rock concert in action.

The dynamic energy of the voices, guitarist and drummer produces a entertaining  harmony punk rock fans enjoy produced by the coordinated skill of the musicians to work together the many notes of the electric guitar and percussion instruments of the drums can produce multitasking all at the same time. Partial physics believe is the way the strings inside protons and neutrons work.

One of the main things that confirms string existence is mathematics. Number crunching done by computers adds up. Commuters project just one pluck of a string instrument representing a vibrating string produces one type of particle. A single string pluck of another string produces a different particle. In other words each string of a string instrument produces individual particles in a rock concert.

The skill of the musician to coordinate a song played on a guitar or violin produces a pleasing harmony depending on our personal taste of the type of music we enjoy.

Physicist believe the number of cords that can be played on all musical instruments represents an analogy of different dimensions believed to be 10 in fact. Inside the core of the nucleus particles we can never hope to detect the dimensions. 

The many styles of musical taste played and the billions of songs in the world every instrument can play is enough to believe there is a equal number of dimensions to the nucleus particle string vibrate at.
Each note of every song in the whole world put together is a universe in it's own right.

Electric bicycle batteries

Macho cowboy cyclists are not really impressed with Electric Powered Assisted bikes ( EPA ). However EPA bikes are a god sent to us commuters specially the habit of cargo carrying. Electric assisted bikes have been experimented with ever since the battery was been invented.

The very first battery was a crude set of electrically charged pile of metal plates storing static electricity demonstrated to Napoleon Bonaparte by the German inventor Alexandria Volta. There has been a extensive experimentation and commercial production that continues to this day.

An off shoot of battery design can be attributed to Particle physicists smashing particles of the atom together close to light speed scales in their particle accelerators verifying the nature of quantum physics potential for quantum batteries. The strange behaviour of the particle of the atom will almost certainly provide technology on a quantum level to all batteries from pen light double A touch cells ( or batteries if you like ) to big-rig truck batteries.

Partial physicists should be able to provide enough data  for experimental electric formula one racing car rivalling the power and performance endurance of current chemical combustion engine models.

When buying a electric bike the law won't allow electric bikes to be any more powerful that standard peddling power as mobility scooter stands on pedestrian walk ways. This means the maximum speed limits are restricted to normal cycling speeds. Pushing unassisted limits is up to a max of about 35kmph. Unassisted record breaking maximums have been record in the genus book of records.

Normal unassisted cycling speed is a good rule of thump how fast electric bikes will be allowed to go. The law only recognizes peddling up hill assistance. The power out put won't allow you to go any faster than normal cycling speeds in any form whether down hill or flat runs. Electric motors make excellent braking systems that automatically control how fast you can coast freely down a steep hill coincidently an ideal safety breaking or speed limiting feature.

Knowledge of how batteries in general work goes along way in understanding how to choose, care, maintenance and getting the maximum life out of the battery before needing replacement.

The power of electric cars, mobility scooters to electric wheel chairs just like electric powered bicycle motors specially cargo bike designs have their mobile power drain on the battery considerations in mind. Batteries like combustion engine power is determined by power of bearing a heavy load under accelerating conditions called torque. It is basically the power of 0 to a certain speeds and hill climbing power ability. The better the power to handle head on strong winds at that too the better the torque power.

Maximum for electric bikes defined by the power of pulling a heavy a heavy cargo bike frame carrying a heavy person carrying a heavy load into heavy head on wind up a long steep hill from zero to a standing start to 20kmph in several seconds to the constant velocity for kilometers before needing to be recharged with ease. The chose of electric bike depends on what you are thinking you want one for your agenda.

The power of the battery depends on how much your are prepared for the frequency of recharging whether to just to ease the weigh of your peddling in a hilly neighborhood to dedicated cargo bike enthusiast. The most powerful batteries we can ever get are those deigned to make up huge big-rig and electric fork lift battery packs. The smallest are electric bicycle batteries. The torque power requirements range for general purpose commuter to load bearing cargo bike loads.

The unit of all batteries from electric cars, mobility scooters,  laptop and mini note books your phone to common touch cells ( batteries if you like ) is voltage. By definition the unit of the live energy that doesn't flow because it only alive at the terminals of every battery.

The only flow is a load of any circuit always in parallel with the total ( across every voltage ) drawing a current made up of the negative particle of the atom about several trillion every second a current unit of 1 amp (amperage ) at any voltage. The standard metric system ( mill lee ) designates a thousandth of an amp for the tiny double A penlight batteries. 250mA is 1/4 of several trillion electrons flowing at light speed every second.  500mA is 1/2,  750mA is 3/4 respectively.

Budget triple A's is only capable of supplying a maximum current of a few milliamps.  Drawing current more than that the voltage drops drastically loosing power is just a dead short to them. The bigger ones up to a 250mA. Expensive rechargeable ones as much as a few amps. The torque current drain on bike batteries is expected to be up to 10A. Mobility scooters and wheel chairs up to as much as 500.

The torque demanded assisting your peddling uses a little less power than mobility scooter batteries. Mobility scooters draw up to 500A or so at maximum power drain draining the battery flat in an hour. Maximum torque for bike batteries is expected to be as much as 50A maximum power drain output.

Called an amp hour rating careful saving on a battery limiting current to only an amp a modern bike battery should last up to 50 hours at a time. At maximum current drain of 50 should only an hour. The more you rely on the electric motor to assist your peddling the more power drawn from the battery the faster it runs low. This means the higher the amp our ratting the more longer lasting power.

Amp hour ratting means what you are thinking of the need for. The higher the amp hour power output the more load carrying torque capacity for the periods of time before needing recharge. High amp hour capacities are ideal for reliving peddling strain living in hilly neighborhoods.

The actual power ratting is multiplying the  current ( considering the amp hour ratting specified ) by the voltage. Typical bike batteries are about 36V. They will last an hour at a current drain of 10A assisting your peddling up steep hills equal to a power output of 360 electrical Watts lasting hour at a time before recharge.

Voltage, amp, and wattage ratting is often given in all specifications whether electric car, big-rig, your laptop mobility scooter to powerful long lasting laptops batteries. These specifications can be inspected on the batteries themselves

It is important to note all batteries illustrate electric power is made up of positive and negative properties. Looking at a common touch battery one terminal is not marked or has a black dash sign for the negative terminal and a red plus sign for the positive conclusively telling us of the properties, including the connection terminals of bike batteries. We connect batteries according to the polarity fitting the device.

The negative terminal of all batteries is a store of domineeringly negative atoms and the positive terminal domineeringly positive atoms. When a load is connected in parallel ( across ) any battery the excess electrons in the negative atoms are attracted away by the positive voltage repelled by the negative voltage in a direct current stream of an electron current flow direction. ( The resulting amperage ). Only if for a example 10A equal to 10 trillion electrons flowing on alight speed scale in the electrical device every second.

Recharging bike batteries the mains is a live with alternating positive and negative voltages. The positive voltage attracts electrons accelerating ( the amperage) one way. When the the voltage changes to negative repels accelerating the electrons back the opposite direction. The electron current is accelerated back and forth in a reparative cycle. In most countries the frequency is 60 times a second and in others 50.

The current is accelerated to maximum and slows down to a minimum before accelerated again in reverse direction again. This makes the peak to peak of all Alternating Current not effective at lest only 70.7%. Mathematics projects the usable peak to peak is multiplied by 0.707 expressed as the Root of the Mean Squared ( RMS ) value. The out put part of chargers is RMS.

Recharging whether a car to laptops mobility scooter laptop or phones all charging systems drop the mains voltage to a match that of the battery. You cannot recharge batteries direct from this dropped output. Charging systems redirect one of the voltages in the same direction the same as the other. You end up with an alternating voltages at the output both going the same direction at the same frequency as the mains.

It is very unstable and ineffective under load. In other words still a RMS even though DC. Charging systems smoothes out the alternating pulses so it is a smooth DC and electronic circuitry stabilizes it resulting in a perfect DC. That's how mobility scooter, bike, phone and laptop battery chargers converting AC mains to a perfectly smooth DC to charge the battery.

Expensive electric bikes use advanced smart charging systems that are digital modules that monitors and can tell when fully charged and switch off completely automatically. They are a state of the art digital microchip computer brains controlling the conversion from the dropped down voltage to the stabilized charging output. These are either built in the battery or a separately mounted somewhere in the bike frame. These take out the worry of over charging.

Connection is determined whether the manufacture earthed the whole system to the frame negative or positive. Smart systems have polarity protection to protect incorrect connections either electronically or like connecting USB flash drive ( memory sticks ) than can only go one way depending on how much the bike costs both.

The built in digital chip sets ( or a microcomputer module ) are the most expensive electric bikes simply because they are smart battery rechargeable. Budget bikes are dumb. Bike manufacture design their electric bikes according their style and models and economy offered. Budget models are offered to keep cost down for the consumer.

Opting for a budget model a third party smart timers from any hardware or electrical store connected to the wall and bike lead should be a useful supplement help preventing overcharging problems associated with budget electric bikes.

Expensive bikes have whether protection consideration built into the whole electrical system to protect from adverse weather riding habits of owners.

When shopping for an electric bicycle concentrate on  the battery specifications if they can come with electronic smart charge built into the battery or a separate computer module mounted somewhere on the fame. If a sales personal is worth his weight in gold should be able to sell the right electric bike bike that suits your needs. If a budget model is fitted with a smart charging computer module is often of inferior design or omitted completely.

Computerized smart charging ( Computer CPU modules ) whether in bike or a external hardware store timer you can forget you are recharging a flat battery and leave over night like owners of electric wheel chairs and mobility scooter owners will tell you because of the little computer controlling the charging rate for them. 

The next morning the battery is fully charged ready to go. The most expensive bikes cover all bases thou rally that give you good value for money under normal running conditions trouble free maintenance for years. Budget models have a high maintenance low life expectancy and expensive ones low maintenance and long life expectancy.  

Shopping round a careful inspection of the battery specifications can revel the effectiveness of torque of the battery and charging systems that depend on how much the bike costs. Expensive bikes are best known for their value for money and maintenance free ability this way.

Fully charged batteries don't like being stored without use for long periods of time. When storing an electric bike the battery should be flat. And like us they don't like their environment to hot or cold. As a rule of thumb they operate effectively the same comfortable temperature as us.

Even good ones become tricky to know if the acting up is because they are close to their useful life only a sign they are overheating or to cold. Make sure you understand the weather condition issues you are going be in when buying a electric bike.

Car batteries don't like being run flat and recharged from flat. They like trickle charges from their alternating topping them up once and a wheel. Laptop batteries on the other hand don't like trickle charging topping up. They like to be drain flat till their is no more power left to run the computer. The Laptop method is called deep cycling. It is the number of time a battery will last before needing replacement.

Operating on the principle shopping for a electric bike make sure you are aware of the cycling rate of the battery is before it needs to be replaced. The recycling rate tells how long the bike battery will last before needing to be replace. Take the recycling cycle rate at the maximum power drain every day every night recharging from flat. As a rule of thumb 365 cycles equates to a years worth of deep cycling. 

Is time travel possible? Or parrelle univsers instead.

Some of us believe time travel is possible. They believe Albert Einstein had opened the door to traveling back though time. Some of us have even become romantic about meeting ourselves, parents or grand parents when they were little. Can we do that? Is there any consequences if we alter the tiniest things in the tiniest moment?  It opens the door to all sorts of strange possibilities for the present. One of theses is the famous grandfather paradox.

What if we go back in time and killed our grand parents? Would we be able to exist to do it in the present?  Could there be a time loop created?  Imagine the present if events the lead ups to the Titanic disaster was altered.

I'm reminded of the butterfly effect in quantum physicist chaos theory. Can a butterfly taking off in our own back yard really create ripples of events the other side of the world in the present? If so can this apply to time lines? Can people in the past be saved and live when they died in this timer line? Could a person in this time line that died in the past resurrected by a time traveller alter the present?

What if a time traveler from the present decided to back over 200 years to the time of Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Russia in 1812 only intending to alter a insignificant moment. Can there be a butterfly effect though time on the present? Can the ripple effect get so wide by 1900 the time line is altered so much the Titanic couldn't exist as we know it today.

What if a boiler stocker crew member with advanced knowledge of what was about to happen when and where? Could he alter events saving the ship from the stern overwhelmed by the weight of the water pulling the boat under? Could he still be able to manage to save the ship despite the design flaw?

What he if after it happened desisted to scratched that and tried again this time being the radio room operator Capathatha?

What if things didn't go according to plane there? Could he try again this time targeting the original crows nest look out that warned to late of the disaster. Could he alter the chain of events altering the crew nests shift schedule taking over with advanced knowledge of what was about to happen when and where to issue a more advanced warning saving the ship from the glancing blow on the iceberg?

Could he try again this time with the advanced knowledge of what will happen to the ship back to the design and construction days. Could his inference alter the original plan differently? There certainly would be a different construction. Could that initiate a bitterly effect ripple on the construction workers?

Will the interference alter the destiny though altering the individual lives involved in the design and construction causing the effect ripple though time altering events in the present?

What if he tried again this time being the radio operator of the Capatha? Could he make sure the captain curious enough to fully investigate the Titanic rocket distress signals properly. Could any one of those alone act like a butterfly effect altering the present? It seems Is it possible to experiment to see what happens to the present?

What if it works out as opposed to the present?  I can think of a result. A TV documentary in the present about the Australian New Zealand Army core ( ANZAC ) solders walking the gang gates boarding the Titanic and her sister ship the Olympic in Sydney harbor in world war one. A couple of alternative time lines I can think of either successfully arriving safely in Europe or torpedoed by a German submarine in route either the Olympic or Titanic alternative.

Could a time traveler on a mission to save the lives of soldiers meant to be casualties for the sake of relations today? What about those not meant to die in battle like Adolph Hitler a corporal during the war was made sure he was a causality by a time traveler to prevent the events leading up to world war 2 possible?

There is a not a well known incident of an Austrian sniper had the corporal's head in the cross hairs of his scope. The Australian hesitated for a moment then relieved his finger from the trigger because there was a some empathy. What if the Australian didn't care?  He certainly could do his job. What would the butterfly effect do to the time line?

What about an anti communist time traveler interference preventing the Russian Revolution during the war? Would the butterfly effect cause many lives that destined to die when supposed to and not supposed to had died? Could the butterfly effect flow on effect cause Stalin couldn't come to power?

Can time travelers introduce current technology to the past? Could they prevent the Hindinburg disaster? The disaster could easily be delayed because of the dangerous inflammable hydrogen? Could the incident only had been delayed for another date in history.

In the early days of world war 2 Hillier ordered a halt of the invasion of Dunkirk to contemplate things to see how they are going. This give the British some time to evacuate. What if Hillier was meaner insisting in stopping the British escape at all costs? Could a time traveler Nazi sympathizer change things?

Could a time traveler inference cause a Nuclear Holocaust on Briton the first year of world war 2? If Hitler was a casualty of world war one, could there only been a Pacific war?

Obviously if altering history is possible can it be altered over and over again indefinitely? To do this we need to travel back in time with no loss of memory of any of the events that happened one after another. Can time travelers take their memories of the present back into the past with them?

Try to explain were you was when your parents ( or grandparents if you like ) were little. Explain where people not born yet are not living in the present. Explain why we can't be the age we were several years ago or several years older we are now in the present?

Or imagine if you could remember when you were little a stranger grown up befriended you. A vehicle accident involving both of you blood tests turned out the stranger had your exact DNA? Can we travel back in time to meet ourselves? If so what was meant to be in the past and for the future irrelevant to time traveling in to the past?

Time is described by a term called Entropy. It  tells us any good condition abandoned house and property eventually falls to pieces into an uneconomical junk yard wreck in an overgrown vegetation in time. Entropy can be less than a second, such as a glass smashing on the floor, to many thousands of years like the abandoned nuclear disaster site at Chainable to a time habitable again. Time seems to flow in that direction from perfect good order to a deteriorated chaos. Can a wrecked old house turn into a brand new condition to a time when first built? Can it disappear altogether if time continues going backwards?

If time travel influence is possible try to explain why tanks could never fit Napoleon Bonaparte invasion of Russian in 1812 or today's computer technology introduce to the America's wild west cowboy period or jet aircraft in world war one would ever fit.

Try to explain why Microsoft's Windows 8 personal computer operating system could never belong 25 years ago. Try to explain why future technology 25 years in the future won't fit with the present technology. We'd think people and technology fitting the proper eras tells us there is a distinction between the past, present and future.

If time could go go backward obviously all the recent technology would disappear piece by piece as the further back time we travel arriving at the period of our choice technology left.

The paradoxes leads us to an alternate solution satisfying this kind of rule. It has been suggested the paradox altering history all in parallel universes dictated by quantum mechanics. ( Quantum physics if you like ).The word Quantum means the very small meaning the physics beyond the atom explaining the behavior of the particles that governs time and matter.

Let's say this time line is only one of many alternate realities that exist in the universe. Instead of a time line, think of this world as merely a parallel earth world not by the distance of the vastness of the universe but as a parallel dimension with well over hundreds of trillions upon trillions of other reality earth's.

Lets take it this world is just one of trillions of parallel dimensions. In this world quantum physics began in 1900 by a German Physics max Planck working on a solution to what is called the black body radiation problem.

It is thought black bodies work a bit like this. Consider a dark steel bar in the black void of a dark night. It is so dark in the shadows is invisible to the naked eye. When heated an eerie blue glow appears as an eerie inland in the middle of a black void of the dark night.

The bar is radiating heat called the black body radiation radiating from the steel bar our eyes detect only inferred cameras can see.  If allowed to continue we begin to see observe the beginning of a growing orange intensity then an eerie red in the black void of the dark night. The spooky effect is appreciated by a orange and oozing river of molten lava moving down from the mountain in the dark night.

The glow stops at white where it doesn't change any further. The temperature seems to be maxed before melting into a pool of molten steel.19th century Physics where puzzled why the temperature maxes out this way when it should be free to go infinite. Theoretically the molten pool should radiate an infinite amount of ultra violet ( UV ). It proves temperature is not infinite but at finite maximum limit.

Thankfully for that or ordinary scrub fires would reach temperatures comparable to our sun's radiation incinerating the environment even the whole earth called the ultraviolet light catastrophe. The problem for physicists what causes temperature to stabilize to a point it can't get any hotter no matter how much heat is applied.

In school physics heat is merely the vibration of molecules. In the case of the steel bar hidden in the shadows of the dark night shows us to our eyes still invisible to us  but extremely hot we drop like a hot potato before any sign of a purple glow. As it gets hotter the black void glows an island of purple in the dark changing into a yellow, orange and finally red. The problem is our eyes see purple as a high frequency vibration and red as a low frequency. As it turns out the bar doesn't go beyond red melting in a reedy orange pool of molten steel.

Planck relied heavily on a mathematical solution that would account for the vibrating frequency discrepancies in the temperature variations of each color to describe the effect. He was frustrated for some time. In desperation he literally turned to invention inverting a mathematical model to fit.

The resulting arithmetic showed an idea radiation is quantum sized a bit like a digital saying a pixel analogy in digital electronics. Our video and audio entertainment is made up of digital pixel elements just like a computer video game is constructed of.

Physicists must have loved the resulting number ( and I'm sure they did ) he came up with because it turned out to be a perfect constant that eliminated math's habit of always predicting zero for infinity all the time. This figure turned out to be  6  2  6 on the right of 40 zeros a total of a 44 decimal number, After the first decimal zero 43 decimal places expressed as 6 point 2  6 times 10 to the minus 43 representing the smallest unit of matter, time and energy of the universe called the Planck constant.

Comparing a quantum unit to a commuter pixel I'm sure anybody into challenging mathematics can work out the equivalent GHz processing speed and memory equivalent. There are plenty web pages you will find on the internet the Planck constant such as Wikipeadia.The symbol if h.

Incorporating pi ( pie ) with Planck's constant can theoretically build a spherical 3.D model of all the gravitational center of black holes called the singularity. Pi should  indicate the Planck constant should represent the radius ( from the center of the sphere to the outer edge ) as the smallest length of the universe. telling us the radius, cannot be any larger than the Planck constant telling us the overall circumference.

As Wikipeadia points out math's expresses light crossing the distance of a singularity represents the smallest amount of time of the universe Theoretically we can  incorporate all the  pi formulas as a thought experiment with a scientific calculator ( your own computer if you like  or pen and paper ) thinking the radius of the singularity as a Planck constant equal to a single quanta,( or as imagining as one bit of digital data or pixel if you like ).

Physicist believe the Newton's laws of force and motion doesn't apply to the extreme gravitational pull inside any black hole. The ultra strong inward compression collapse changes the laws of physics to somthing else. This must include the break down of Isaac Newtown's inverse square law for gravity. The inverse square law also applies to the brightness of candles including the brightness of stars. Latter the forces of magnetic fields as well as charged bodies in static electricity behavior.

An experiment with a couple on a couple bar magnets demonstrates this. Even a pair of pen triple A light touch cells. Hover a millimeter distance each end. You will experience the forces of live voltages of the batteries the repel and attract forces fell the same like the magnetic field of a pair of a magnets. Move away and the forces grow weaker.

For a thought experiment the gravitational pull of black holes should work out the mass in terms of  kilograms per square millimeter or pounds per square inch or in terms of tons, or metric tones. What about adding the speed of light to the equations to see what happens? What would happen if we experimented with Albert Einstein's famous E equals M C squared and Newtown's inverse law the mix?

Such vast numbers of the Planck constant, speed of light and pi ( we can allot a decimal place value such a total 43 decimal place for pi ) arithmetic calculations  should be able to project somthing of dark matter even though it may not tell us what it is except what cosmologists already suspect is a mass of some sort. In other words can dark matter simply be defended as dark matter equals h, pi, c squared?

Physicists believe there is some sort of energy responsible for expanding the universe they don't know anything about whey the call it dark energy. We can apply a mathematical thought experiment  experiment on the Planck scale in the plus ( 6  2  6 times 10 to the 43 in terms of tones of pulling or pushing away to see what the math's makes of it. A symbol for Dark energy ( de ) equals h c squared?

Our mathematical instinct aggress considering by the time the second hand of analogue clocks and digital time peace seconds multiplying the minus Planck constant by the Planck constant in the positive value occurred every second. Apart from the speed of light crossing the diameter of a singularity the smallest amount of time in a second. Our mathematical instinct aggress it's easy enough a second divided up in 6  2  6 times 10 to the 43 Planck constants equals 1 second.

In other words there is  6  2  6,  40 zero number minus Planck constants in a second. The bottom line the arithmetic tells us time, matter, mass and energy of the universe is on a positive as well as  minus Planck constant including in the speed of light and pi scales. The condensed idea the universe is on a Planck constant scale.

Quantum physics tells us the forces holding the center particles of the atom rival that of black holes. The distance of the forces may be no more than a Planck length in circumference round the nucleus particles. We can apply Quantum physics to the particles of the atom in the minus minus Planck constant scales and apply the laws of the universe in the positive value scale.

We can say a distance across the universe one Planck positive value unit. Imagine 6  2  6  40 zeros year number  to a distance point. Those into challenging mathematics can work out in light years. If we work out in centuries is the time passes on earth one Planck constant travels a distance same amount of time.

The standard model of the atom is a cloud of particles called electrons orbiting a cluster of central particles called Neutrons and protons. The particles are believed to vibrate maybe on a Planck constant scale. The Planck constant tells us no faster the the positive value. Today's particle accelerators have pick up the central nucleus particles are made up of particles held together by a nucleus force that rivals the gravitational pull of black holes. Physicist believe the have found the particle responsible for this force called the Higgs boson that gives matter it's mass.

In the 1920's physicists lead by a Danish physics Niles Bore believed particles of the orbiting electron orbited in fixed fixed positions. Think of several child's railway track circles inside each other representing the electron orbits and an engine on each track representing electrons circling round and a cluster of tennis balls in the center smallest circle representing the nucleus.

Bore was the first physics to teach first year university students electrons change orbits by jumping from orbit to another. In other words they disappear from one orbit and pop into the other. It is like saying each toy engine without warring changes tracks with out any switch link. We think it is inconceivable and fantasy full anything can jump from one spot to another with out transferring though any gap. But that's what Bore believed. It was believed some form of energy and light was created in doing so.

As one engine magically disappears leaves a gap where one of the other engines from any one of the other tracks magically fill in without any switch links. The engines play a random filling in checkers game. This spooky action at a distance is on a quantum physics scale may be on a minus Planck constant time. In other words electrons quantum leap's. To Bore the smallest ring solved the question why the electrons didn't spiral in collapsing into the nucleus particles.

It is believed electrons have an anticlockwise and a clockwise spin to them. The magical popping out of existence and popping back into existence again in another orbit may effect the electron spins by changing directions. It seems electrons tell each other when they are clockwise or anticlockwise instructing each other to do the same or opposite at random. It seems like lala land dancing with the ferries fantasy idea electrons are a live and sentient to us.

This communication is believed to occur in the vast distance of space. Electrons seem to communicate what orbit they had just jumped into and what spin the are doing in this part of the universe acknowledged by electrons clear across the other side of the universe following the instructions given.

"Please jump to orbit number two and spin clockwise"

In less than a second several million light years away...........

"Jumping to orbit two and spinning clockwise. Acknowledged" the message passed on..........

"Please jump to the opposite orbit and spin"

In less than a second several million light years away.

"Jumping to opposite orbit and spinning the opposite direction. Acknowledged" passing the message on.

It appears electrons pass on each instruction every other electron every corner of the universe no matter how the distance may be in the amount of time we exchange communication with each other face to face.

Albert Einstein didn't believe such a magical spooky action at a desistance as he called it could ever be possible. Who ever hear of that sort of thing? He thought it was a fantasy full dancing around in lala land with the fairies idea.

Besides communicating clear across the universe like that in a instant is like saying infinitely faster than light speed. Here is a  case in point is it plausible when we consider the sun's gravity?

The sun seems to instantly hold Pluto in orbit round it the vast distance across the solar system in an instant that begs the question how fast is gravity? Faster than light?. Sometimes we just don't know what to believe with the universe anymore.

This action at a distance concept is expressed by the term entanglement. It tells us every electron ( including the nucleus particles ) are all entangled with each other every whether from a minus Planck length on a quantum physics level or the Planck positive constant on the vastness of the universe level.

The the changing of history time lines and spooky action at a distance combined set the persistence for parallel universes, solving the changing of history in a single time line. In theory all the circumstances I had outline for the Titanic had already happened in another parallel worlds and in many other ways. What happen the ship in this world is just one of many alternative realities.

In many worlds the the construction of the ship save it scraping the iceberg as in this one, but didn't sink for many circumstances. In some worlds the ship only succumbed after many more hours than in our world even days in many others worlds.

There is just to many alternative history time lines in an infinite number of combinations in one incident in this world. It is safe to propose Albert Einstein and Adolph Hitler's lives intertwined by the quantum action at a distance their family live played out very different from world to world. In many worlds Hitler and Einstein where mere acquaintances in many worlds and many others close friends.

Bazaar in our world but for this world but not for many many things played very out differently from each other. Bazaar in this world Hillier's theory of relativity and Einstein the Nazi dictator variations between many-many outcome alternatives. Equally bazaar in this world their families immigrating to America on their way got caught up in what titanic struggle the ship went through. Any one of their doubles could have survived and gone down with the ship at the same time.

As far as the universe is concerned many of Hitler and Einstein doubles in many worlds are alive while many others are dead. The many living doubles and the many dead doubles of Hitler and Einstein including Churchill and many other famous names too you can think of in history and today  are dead and alive at the same time. It reminds me of the dead and alive thought experiment dreamed up by a German physics Erwin Shrodinger involving a quantum cat.

In many-many worlds our doubles are living many-many different lives at the same time than the lives we live in this one. In many other worlds we were never born and many others we didn't survive the close calls we had in this world as in many other worlds unrelated fates bestowed on us that past us in this world.

For the living doubles of ourselves there are many-many singles of our selves with no children and many married with children and family of their own at the same time. For those of us single we have sons and daughters in other worlds that don't exit in our world. 

For those married with children they don't exist in the worlds of our single doubles. In an infinite parallel universe law relationships are currently playing out in many-many different alternative ways including guy and straight doubles of ourselves all at the same time. It is not distance of the vastness of space but same people in different dimensions

It is school boy knowledge our bodies are made of origins, every organ made of cells, the cells made up of molecules made of elements made of electrons and the nucleus of the atom. 

For example we are bags of mostly water. Water is made up of one hydrogen and two oxygen atoms, made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. The air we breath is mostly oxygen with a few other elements made up of electrons and the nucleus particles in our blood stream. Our skeleton is made up of calcium made of electrons and the nucleus particles

In other words we are all made of electrons, and the nucleus particles including the strong force that keeps the nucleus together

The curious thing the elements we are made of can be seen in the parabolic table of the elements telling us how many electrons and protons each of the  elements our body is made has. For example Calcium of our skeleton and  Iron present in our blood tells us how many electrons, protons and neutrons of the nucleus. Vitamins are substances also present in our blood stream,Vitamin cell must be a chemical reaction containing electrons and the nuclides particles like all the other vitamins

The electrons in our bodies are in a constant state of the magical spooky action at a distance dance. If electrons are communicating instructions with each  other at great distances our bodies behavior on a quantum physics level might be the source of most of our ESP and hunches and gut feelings everybody experiences. The random action at a distance of the atomic particles can also be responsible for the wired or what bazaar consciences out of the entire population of the earth number over many centuries of time.

Some of us believe time travel is possible.  They believe Albert Einstein had open the door to traveling back though time we can change history. It opens the door to the possibility of the famous grandfather paradox. What if we go back in time and killed our grand parents? Would we exist?  Could it be possible time loop of the situation exist?

Try to explain were you was when your parents ( or grandparents if you like ) were little. Explain where people not born yet in the present. Explain why we can't be the age we were several years ago in the present or several years older we are going to be in the present

Explain why jet aircraft can't fit in with world war one. Try to explain why Microsoft's Windows 8 personal computer operating system could never belong 25 years ago. Try to explain why future technology won't fit the present. People and technology that fit past eras, present and future tells us there is a distinction between the past, present and future.

So how is the present measured. If you thinking our brain, sure it has the ability of measuring time. We can appreciate fully alert knows the passing of every second. It is true brain injury patients time has a limited distinction. Memory often reduces minutes to hours, days even weeks mere moments. Time is meaningless in a coma. A long time unconscious is a state of the last time remembering being conscious seems a moment ago. The point is a alert brain knows all about every second of time passing.

Lets see how an alert brain measures time. Being alert agrees  the next second to come is shifted into the present by the time you finished this sentence now the past second. It is clear every second travels from the future, present and past to an alert brain.

Our brain is pretty good at measuring a meter taking a step and a half forward. It is the time we say one thousand and one, the time second hand of analogue clocks moves a division, the time second of digital time pieces tick and light travels a distance of just under 300,000km. ( Or a 186,000 miles if you like ).

A light second is the distance light travels. Alertness agrees a minute is really 60 second  periods in the present minute. Our brain recognizes a minute is only a matter of traveling a distance light travels sixty light seconds. Our mathematical instinct agrees light travels distance of light seconds in an hour, a day, month, year, century, milliner, ( thousand years ) million, or billions of years.

Our brain recognizes the distinction of science and sports coaches making athletes win or lose by fraction of seconds in the present time. We all hear TV motor sport commentators and car shows announce lap times and nose to tail following distance dramas in less than seconds  pronounced decimals points.  For example 0.25 is a quarter second, 0.33333......... is a third,   0.5 is a half,  0.666666........ is two thirds and 0.75 is three quarter second considered quite critical.

Light traveling a fixed distance every second is a time factor measures distances in time. It obeys Newton's first law of motion once set in motion continues in that motion indefinitely in light's case in the zero resistance of out of space coasts at a maximum speed limit of just under a distance of three hundred thousand kilometres ( or a hundred and eighty thousand miles if you like ) by the time our time measuring our devices records every second.

Our brain recognizes the amount of time the second hand of analogue clocks move a division the seconds of digital time pieces, we walk a meter and we say one thousand and one. In other words to our brain agrees every one of those periods equals the distance light travels we can honestly say a light second: the distance light travels in second. Our mathematical instinct aggress in principle the maximum speed limit is indeed a perfect mathematical constant symbolized c.

Despite the zero resistance of space it coasts no faster. No matter how fast we travel the constant velocity in out of space is always maxed out to three hundred thousand kilometres every second no matter how long any other period. If we are to chase light to catch up with it The constant ( c ) remains the maximum speed limit. It is always a distance of three hundred thousand kilometres ( or a hundred and eighty thousand miles if you like ).

In 1905 Albert Einstein realized if we are to catch with light is closing the distance we travel. The second is altered with us. If we reach light speed we would be traveling in parallel with it. Our mathematical instinct agrees If we do the math's on this tells zero distance. Math's indicate if we travel faster light would be be behind us. We would be in a dimension of space and time light does not yet exist in yet.

Ten years latter during the second year of world war one star and planet gravities, ( as the atmospheres, the clouds of dust of nebulas and gas planets ) slows the passage of light. It takes longer to travel the same distance in gravity than in a lot shorter time  in the zero resistance of a vacuum. ( Deep space if you like ). The slower it goes the longer it takes to travel the  distance it travels at it maximum. In other words if light was twice as slow it would travel three hundred thousand kilometres in two seconds ( Or a hundred and fifty thousand kilometres in a second ).

Light has to travel though the resistance of the atmosphere slows it down. Enough solidness stops dead in it's tracks. In less than a second it reverses direction traveling back out of the earth's atmosphere. The resistance of the earth's atmosphere gets less and less at more and more altitude speeding  back up finally reaching the maximum distance constant in out of space.

Children's science and technology library books on light  is perhaps the simplest explanations of how light deflects. Think of a shop window pane reflection. Observations of a street reflection can be a right angle.

Light from the moon we see is nothing more than the origin of the sun's light deflecting an image of it like a straight mirror in the direction of earth. Although the moon varies in distance it is over a light second away. Our mathematical instinct agrees if we do some arithmetic on this taking less than a couple of seconds multiplied by c gives the us the distance. Our mathematical instinct recognizes the law of mathematics allows us with a known distance and c we can protect how many light seconds away from earth.

Our instinct agrees at maximum coasting since there is sixty seconds in a minute traveling at a fixed distance every second the distance light travels in a minute is merely a simple calculation of sixty times c every second.  We can honestly say the distance light travels at maximum velocity in a minute is a light minute: the distance light travels in a minute. Our math's instinct will agree sixty light seconds of distance.

Light takes eight light minutes to reach our eyes from the sun. This means the sun is a distance of only eight light minutes away. In real time light is three hundred thousand kilometres above the sun's surface by the time you finish this sentence. We don't see this light till eight minutes into the future. Our mathematical instinct agrees the distance from the sun to earth ( in terms of kilometres or miles what ever you prefer ) is sixty times eight times c.

Current light we see every second is nothing more than light's image of the sun as it was eight minutes ago every second. It is three hundred thousand kilometres ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like ) away from earth by the time you finish this sentence every second of time as well.

Our mathematical instinct agrees the fixed constant is sixty times sixty ( or sixty squared ) equals three thousand six hundred seconds times c the distance light travels by the time a one hour TV program.

Clocks change the western calendar date every twelve midnight. Our mathematical instinct agrees if we start with the first second past midnight to the date changes again is sixty squared times twenty four giving us a total of every eighty six thousand four hundred seconds the date changes. The distance light travels in that time is all those seconds times c.

In other words every time clocks changes the date is eighty six thousand four hundred periods additions of a fixed distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometres of time.

Mathematics tells our math's instinct the reciprocal of c every second is eighty six thousand four hundredth of the date change period. Our math's instincts agrees proof when we multiply a hundred and eighty six thousandth by a hundred and eighty six thousand equals one a date change period. In other words a light day.

We can project from known distances the planet of our solar we can project them in light days away at light speed.

Operating on the same principle we can add up the first second twelve midnight Monday morning though every day of the week to the first second of the following twelve midnight Monday morning times c the distance light travels in a week. In other words a light week. We can project from known distances planet of the our solar system in terms of weeks away at light speed.

The western calendar divides up mouths into different days. They vary from as little as twenty eight to as much as thirty one. We are open to project how many moths a planet of our solar system is away at light speed.

However our mathematical instinct whole heartily agrees we can project all the seconds in a year by sixty squared times twenty four times three hundred and sixty five days of the year. Times c projects the distance. ( In terms of kilometres or miles which every is preferred ).We end up with a figure over thirty one million seconds the distance light travels familiarly known to all of us as a light year.

Calculating for the distance light travels in a decade we need to take into account of the extra day at the end of every February every third leap year. Taking into account of all the leap years in a decade we can deduce the distance in years the equivalent light years, light travels in a period of a decade.

Operating on the principle we can deduce the years equivalent of light years the distance light travels in a century, a milliner ( a thousand years ), a million years, a billion even trillions of centuries of time passes on earth. The earth is only a little more than several million centuries old. Those into challenging mathematics can convert years to centuries and vice versa centuries to years of time passes on earth.

The point of the first light from the big bang that has supposed to have created our universe is only just over fourteen and a half light years away from earth. Those into challenging math's can challenge themselves to work the time of the big bang in terms of  in simple equivalent years converting to centuries to the astronomical unit parsecs.

In the meantime we can only ponder on how far away from earth the opposite direction away light has traveled from earth. For all we know it may have already reached equal distance away ages ago.