Electric bicycle batteries

Macho cowboy cyclists are not really impressed with Electric Powered Assisted bikes ( EPA ). However EPA bikes are a god sent to us commuters specially the habit of cargo carrying. Electric assisted bikes have been experimented with ever since the battery was been invented.

The very first battery was a crude set of electrically charged pile of metal plates storing static electricity demonstrated to Napoleon Bonaparte by the German inventor Alexandria Volta. There has been a extensive experimentation and commercial production that continues to this day.

An off shoot of battery design can be attributed to Particle physicists smashing particles of the atom together close to light speed scales in their particle accelerators verifying the nature of quantum physics potential for quantum batteries. The strange behaviour of the particle of the atom will almost certainly provide technology on a quantum level to all batteries from pen light double A touch cells ( or batteries if you like ) to big-rig truck batteries.

Partial physicists should be able to provide enough data  for experimental electric formula one racing car rivalling the power and performance endurance of current chemical combustion engine models.

When buying a electric bike the law won't allow electric bikes to be any more powerful that standard peddling power as mobility scooter stands on pedestrian walk ways. This means the maximum speed limits are restricted to normal cycling speeds. Pushing unassisted limits is up to a max of about 35kmph. Unassisted record breaking maximums have been record in the genus book of records.

Normal unassisted cycling speed is a good rule of thump how fast electric bikes will be allowed to go. The law only recognizes peddling up hill assistance. The power out put won't allow you to go any faster than normal cycling speeds in any form whether down hill or flat runs. Electric motors make excellent braking systems that automatically control how fast you can coast freely down a steep hill coincidently an ideal safety breaking or speed limiting feature.

Knowledge of how batteries in general work goes along way in understanding how to choose, care, maintenance and getting the maximum life out of the battery before needing replacement.

The power of electric cars, mobility scooters to electric wheel chairs just like electric powered bicycle motors specially cargo bike designs have their mobile power drain on the battery considerations in mind. Batteries like combustion engine power is determined by power of bearing a heavy load under accelerating conditions called torque. It is basically the power of 0 to a certain speeds and hill climbing power ability. The better the power to handle head on strong winds at that too the better the torque power.

Maximum for electric bikes defined by the power of pulling a heavy a heavy cargo bike frame carrying a heavy person carrying a heavy load into heavy head on wind up a long steep hill from zero to a standing start to 20kmph in several seconds to the constant velocity for kilometers before needing to be recharged with ease. The chose of electric bike depends on what you are thinking you want one for your agenda.

The power of the battery depends on how much your are prepared for the frequency of recharging whether to just to ease the weigh of your peddling in a hilly neighborhood to dedicated cargo bike enthusiast. The most powerful batteries we can ever get are those deigned to make up huge big-rig and electric fork lift battery packs. The smallest are electric bicycle batteries. The torque power requirements range for general purpose commuter to load bearing cargo bike loads.

The unit of all batteries from electric cars, mobility scooters,  laptop and mini note books your phone to common touch cells ( batteries if you like ) is voltage. By definition the unit of the live energy that doesn't flow because it only alive at the terminals of every battery.

The only flow is a load of any circuit always in parallel with the total ( across every voltage ) drawing a current made up of the negative particle of the atom about several trillion every second a current unit of 1 amp (amperage ) at any voltage. The standard metric system ( mill lee ) designates a thousandth of an amp for the tiny double A penlight batteries. 250mA is 1/4 of several trillion electrons flowing at light speed every second.  500mA is 1/2,  750mA is 3/4 respectively.

Budget triple A's is only capable of supplying a maximum current of a few milliamps.  Drawing current more than that the voltage drops drastically loosing power is just a dead short to them. The bigger ones up to a 250mA. Expensive rechargeable ones as much as a few amps. The torque current drain on bike batteries is expected to be up to 10A. Mobility scooters and wheel chairs up to as much as 500.

The torque demanded assisting your peddling uses a little less power than mobility scooter batteries. Mobility scooters draw up to 500A or so at maximum power drain draining the battery flat in an hour. Maximum torque for bike batteries is expected to be as much as 50A maximum power drain output.

Called an amp hour rating careful saving on a battery limiting current to only an amp a modern bike battery should last up to 50 hours at a time. At maximum current drain of 50 should only an hour. The more you rely on the electric motor to assist your peddling the more power drawn from the battery the faster it runs low. This means the higher the amp our ratting the more longer lasting power.

Amp hour ratting means what you are thinking of the need for. The higher the amp hour power output the more load carrying torque capacity for the periods of time before needing recharge. High amp hour capacities are ideal for reliving peddling strain living in hilly neighborhoods.

The actual power ratting is multiplying the  current ( considering the amp hour ratting specified ) by the voltage. Typical bike batteries are about 36V. They will last an hour at a current drain of 10A assisting your peddling up steep hills equal to a power output of 360 electrical Watts lasting hour at a time before recharge.

Voltage, amp, and wattage ratting is often given in all specifications whether electric car, big-rig, your laptop mobility scooter to powerful long lasting laptops batteries. These specifications can be inspected on the batteries themselves

It is important to note all batteries illustrate electric power is made up of positive and negative properties. Looking at a common touch battery one terminal is not marked or has a black dash sign for the negative terminal and a red plus sign for the positive conclusively telling us of the properties, including the connection terminals of bike batteries. We connect batteries according to the polarity fitting the device.

The negative terminal of all batteries is a store of domineeringly negative atoms and the positive terminal domineeringly positive atoms. When a load is connected in parallel ( across ) any battery the excess electrons in the negative atoms are attracted away by the positive voltage repelled by the negative voltage in a direct current stream of an electron current flow direction. ( The resulting amperage ). Only if for a example 10A equal to 10 trillion electrons flowing on alight speed scale in the electrical device every second.

Recharging bike batteries the mains is a live with alternating positive and negative voltages. The positive voltage attracts electrons accelerating ( the amperage) one way. When the the voltage changes to negative repels accelerating the electrons back the opposite direction. The electron current is accelerated back and forth in a reparative cycle. In most countries the frequency is 60 times a second and in others 50.

The current is accelerated to maximum and slows down to a minimum before accelerated again in reverse direction again. This makes the peak to peak of all Alternating Current not effective at lest only 70.7%. Mathematics projects the usable peak to peak is multiplied by 0.707 expressed as the Root of the Mean Squared ( RMS ) value. The out put part of chargers is RMS.

Recharging whether a car to laptops mobility scooter laptop or phones all charging systems drop the mains voltage to a match that of the battery. You cannot recharge batteries direct from this dropped output. Charging systems redirect one of the voltages in the same direction the same as the other. You end up with an alternating voltages at the output both going the same direction at the same frequency as the mains.

It is very unstable and ineffective under load. In other words still a RMS even though DC. Charging systems smoothes out the alternating pulses so it is a smooth DC and electronic circuitry stabilizes it resulting in a perfect DC. That's how mobility scooter, bike, phone and laptop battery chargers converting AC mains to a perfectly smooth DC to charge the battery.

Expensive electric bikes use advanced smart charging systems that are digital modules that monitors and can tell when fully charged and switch off completely automatically. They are a state of the art digital microchip computer brains controlling the conversion from the dropped down voltage to the stabilized charging output. These are either built in the battery or a separately mounted somewhere in the bike frame. These take out the worry of over charging.

Connection is determined whether the manufacture earthed the whole system to the frame negative or positive. Smart systems have polarity protection to protect incorrect connections either electronically or like connecting USB flash drive ( memory sticks ) than can only go one way depending on how much the bike costs both.

The built in digital chip sets ( or a microcomputer module ) are the most expensive electric bikes simply because they are smart battery rechargeable. Budget bikes are dumb. Bike manufacture design their electric bikes according their style and models and economy offered. Budget models are offered to keep cost down for the consumer.

Opting for a budget model a third party smart timers from any hardware or electrical store connected to the wall and bike lead should be a useful supplement help preventing overcharging problems associated with budget electric bikes.

Expensive bikes have whether protection consideration built into the whole electrical system to protect from adverse weather riding habits of owners.

When shopping for an electric bicycle concentrate on  the battery specifications if they can come with electronic smart charge built into the battery or a separate computer module mounted somewhere on the fame. If a sales personal is worth his weight in gold should be able to sell the right electric bike bike that suits your needs. If a budget model is fitted with a smart charging computer module is often of inferior design or omitted completely.

Computerized smart charging ( Computer CPU modules ) whether in bike or a external hardware store timer you can forget you are recharging a flat battery and leave over night like owners of electric wheel chairs and mobility scooter owners will tell you because of the little computer controlling the charging rate for them. 

The next morning the battery is fully charged ready to go. The most expensive bikes cover all bases thou rally that give you good value for money under normal running conditions trouble free maintenance for years. Budget models have a high maintenance low life expectancy and expensive ones low maintenance and long life expectancy.  

Shopping round a careful inspection of the battery specifications can revel the effectiveness of torque of the battery and charging systems that depend on how much the bike costs. Expensive bikes are best known for their value for money and maintenance free ability this way.

Fully charged batteries don't like being stored without use for long periods of time. When storing an electric bike the battery should be flat. And like us they don't like their environment to hot or cold. As a rule of thumb they operate effectively the same comfortable temperature as us.

Even good ones become tricky to know if the acting up is because they are close to their useful life only a sign they are overheating or to cold. Make sure you understand the weather condition issues you are going be in when buying a electric bike.

Car batteries don't like being run flat and recharged from flat. They like trickle charges from their alternating topping them up once and a wheel. Laptop batteries on the other hand don't like trickle charging topping up. They like to be drain flat till their is no more power left to run the computer. The Laptop method is called deep cycling. It is the number of time a battery will last before needing replacement.

Operating on the principle shopping for a electric bike make sure you are aware of the cycling rate of the battery is before it needs to be replaced. The recycling rate tells how long the bike battery will last before needing to be replace. Take the recycling cycle rate at the maximum power drain every day every night recharging from flat. As a rule of thumb 365 cycles equates to a years worth of deep cycling. 

Is time travel possible? Or parrelle univsers instead.

Some of us believe time travel is possible. They believe Albert Einstein had opened the door to traveling back though time. Some of us have even become romantic about meeting ourselves, parents or grand parents when they were little. Can we do that? Is there any consequences if we alter the tiniest things in the tiniest moment?  It opens the door to all sorts of strange possibilities for the present. One of theses is the famous grandfather paradox.

What if we go back in time and killed our grand parents? Would we be able to exist to do it in the present?  Could there be a time loop created?  Imagine the present if events the lead ups to the Titanic disaster was altered.

I'm reminded of the butterfly effect in quantum physicist chaos theory. Can a butterfly taking off in our own back yard really create ripples of events the other side of the world in the present? If so can this apply to time lines? Can people in the past be saved and live when they died in this timer line? Could a person in this time line that died in the past resurrected by a time traveller alter the present?

What if a time traveler from the present decided to back over 200 years to the time of Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Russia in 1812 only intending to alter a insignificant moment. Can there be a butterfly effect though time on the present? Can the ripple effect get so wide by 1900 the time line is altered so much the Titanic couldn't exist as we know it today.

What if a boiler stocker crew member with advanced knowledge of what was about to happen when and where? Could he alter events saving the ship from the stern overwhelmed by the weight of the water pulling the boat under? Could he still be able to manage to save the ship despite the design flaw?

What he if after it happened desisted to scratched that and tried again this time being the radio room operator Capathatha?

What if things didn't go according to plane there? Could he try again this time targeting the original crows nest look out that warned to late of the disaster. Could he alter the chain of events altering the crew nests shift schedule taking over with advanced knowledge of what was about to happen when and where to issue a more advanced warning saving the ship from the glancing blow on the iceberg?

Could he try again this time with the advanced knowledge of what will happen to the ship back to the design and construction days. Could his inference alter the original plan differently? There certainly would be a different construction. Could that initiate a bitterly effect ripple on the construction workers?

Will the interference alter the destiny though altering the individual lives involved in the design and construction causing the effect ripple though time altering events in the present?

What if he tried again this time being the radio operator of the Capatha? Could he make sure the captain curious enough to fully investigate the Titanic rocket distress signals properly. Could any one of those alone act like a butterfly effect altering the present? It seems Is it possible to experiment to see what happens to the present?

What if it works out as opposed to the present?  I can think of a result. A TV documentary in the present about the Australian New Zealand Army core ( ANZAC ) solders walking the gang gates boarding the Titanic and her sister ship the Olympic in Sydney harbor in world war one. A couple of alternative time lines I can think of either successfully arriving safely in Europe or torpedoed by a German submarine in route either the Olympic or Titanic alternative.

Could a time traveler on a mission to save the lives of soldiers meant to be casualties for the sake of relations today? What about those not meant to die in battle like Adolph Hitler a corporal during the war was made sure he was a causality by a time traveler to prevent the events leading up to world war 2 possible?

There is a not a well known incident of an Austrian sniper had the corporal's head in the cross hairs of his scope. The Australian hesitated for a moment then relieved his finger from the trigger because there was a some empathy. What if the Australian didn't care?  He certainly could do his job. What would the butterfly effect do to the time line?

What about an anti communist time traveler interference preventing the Russian Revolution during the war? Would the butterfly effect cause many lives that destined to die when supposed to and not supposed to had died? Could the butterfly effect flow on effect cause Stalin couldn't come to power?

Can time travelers introduce current technology to the past? Could they prevent the Hindinburg disaster? The disaster could easily be delayed because of the dangerous inflammable hydrogen? Could the incident only had been delayed for another date in history.

In the early days of world war 2 Hillier ordered a halt of the invasion of Dunkirk to contemplate things to see how they are going. This give the British some time to evacuate. What if Hillier was meaner insisting in stopping the British escape at all costs? Could a time traveler Nazi sympathizer change things?

Could a time traveler inference cause a Nuclear Holocaust on Briton the first year of world war 2? If Hitler was a casualty of world war one, could there only been a Pacific war?

Obviously if altering history is possible can it be altered over and over again indefinitely? To do this we need to travel back in time with no loss of memory of any of the events that happened one after another. Can time travelers take their memories of the present back into the past with them?

Try to explain were you was when your parents ( or grandparents if you like ) were little. Explain where people not born yet are not living in the present. Explain why we can't be the age we were several years ago or several years older we are now in the present?

Or imagine if you could remember when you were little a stranger grown up befriended you. A vehicle accident involving both of you blood tests turned out the stranger had your exact DNA? Can we travel back in time to meet ourselves? If so what was meant to be in the past and for the future irrelevant to time traveling in to the past?

Time is described by a term called Entropy. It  tells us any good condition abandoned house and property eventually falls to pieces into an uneconomical junk yard wreck in an overgrown vegetation in time. Entropy can be less than a second, such as a glass smashing on the floor, to many thousands of years like the abandoned nuclear disaster site at Chainable to a time habitable again. Time seems to flow in that direction from perfect good order to a deteriorated chaos. Can a wrecked old house turn into a brand new condition to a time when first built? Can it disappear altogether if time continues going backwards?

If time travel influence is possible try to explain why tanks could never fit Napoleon Bonaparte invasion of Russian in 1812 or today's computer technology introduce to the America's wild west cowboy period or jet aircraft in world war one would ever fit.

Try to explain why Microsoft's Windows 8 personal computer operating system could never belong 25 years ago. Try to explain why future technology 25 years in the future won't fit with the present technology. We'd think people and technology fitting the proper eras tells us there is a distinction between the past, present and future.

If time could go go backward obviously all the recent technology would disappear piece by piece as the further back time we travel arriving at the period of our choice technology left.

The paradoxes leads us to an alternate solution satisfying this kind of rule. It has been suggested the paradox altering history all in parallel universes dictated by quantum mechanics. ( Quantum physics if you like ).The word Quantum means the very small meaning the physics beyond the atom explaining the behavior of the particles that governs time and matter.

Let's say this time line is only one of many alternate realities that exist in the universe. Instead of a time line, think of this world as merely a parallel earth world not by the distance of the vastness of the universe but as a parallel dimension with well over hundreds of trillions upon trillions of other reality earth's.

Lets take it this world is just one of trillions of parallel dimensions. In this world quantum physics began in 1900 by a German Physics max Planck working on a solution to what is called the black body radiation problem.

It is thought black bodies work a bit like this. Consider a dark steel bar in the black void of a dark night. It is so dark in the shadows is invisible to the naked eye. When heated an eerie blue glow appears as an eerie inland in the middle of a black void of the dark night.

The bar is radiating heat called the black body radiation radiating from the steel bar our eyes detect only inferred cameras can see.  If allowed to continue we begin to see observe the beginning of a growing orange intensity then an eerie red in the black void of the dark night. The spooky effect is appreciated by a orange and oozing river of molten lava moving down from the mountain in the dark night.

The glow stops at white where it doesn't change any further. The temperature seems to be maxed before melting into a pool of molten steel.19th century Physics where puzzled why the temperature maxes out this way when it should be free to go infinite. Theoretically the molten pool should radiate an infinite amount of ultra violet ( UV ). It proves temperature is not infinite but at finite maximum limit.

Thankfully for that or ordinary scrub fires would reach temperatures comparable to our sun's radiation incinerating the environment even the whole earth called the ultraviolet light catastrophe. The problem for physicists what causes temperature to stabilize to a point it can't get any hotter no matter how much heat is applied.

In school physics heat is merely the vibration of molecules. In the case of the steel bar hidden in the shadows of the dark night shows us to our eyes still invisible to us  but extremely hot we drop like a hot potato before any sign of a purple glow. As it gets hotter the black void glows an island of purple in the dark changing into a yellow, orange and finally red. The problem is our eyes see purple as a high frequency vibration and red as a low frequency. As it turns out the bar doesn't go beyond red melting in a reedy orange pool of molten steel.

Planck relied heavily on a mathematical solution that would account for the vibrating frequency discrepancies in the temperature variations of each color to describe the effect. He was frustrated for some time. In desperation he literally turned to invention inverting a mathematical model to fit.

The resulting arithmetic showed an idea radiation is quantum sized a bit like a digital saying a pixel analogy in digital electronics. Our video and audio entertainment is made up of digital pixel elements just like a computer video game is constructed of.

Physicists must have loved the resulting number ( and I'm sure they did ) he came up with because it turned out to be a perfect constant that eliminated math's habit of always predicting zero for infinity all the time. This figure turned out to be  6  2  6 on the right of 40 zeros a total of a 44 decimal number, After the first decimal zero 43 decimal places expressed as 6 point 2  6 times 10 to the minus 43 representing the smallest unit of matter, time and energy of the universe called the Planck constant.

Comparing a quantum unit to a commuter pixel I'm sure anybody into challenging mathematics can work out the equivalent GHz processing speed and memory equivalent. There are plenty web pages you will find on the internet the Planck constant such as Wikipeadia.The symbol if h.

Incorporating pi ( pie ) with Planck's constant can theoretically build a spherical 3.D model of all the gravitational center of black holes called the singularity. Pi should  indicate the Planck constant should represent the radius ( from the center of the sphere to the outer edge ) as the smallest length of the universe. telling us the radius, cannot be any larger than the Planck constant telling us the overall circumference.

As Wikipeadia points out math's expresses light crossing the distance of a singularity represents the smallest amount of time of the universe Theoretically we can  incorporate all the  pi formulas as a thought experiment with a scientific calculator ( your own computer if you like  or pen and paper ) thinking the radius of the singularity as a Planck constant equal to a single quanta,( or as imagining as one bit of digital data or pixel if you like ).

Physicist believe the Newton's laws of force and motion doesn't apply to the extreme gravitational pull inside any black hole. The ultra strong inward compression collapse changes the laws of physics to somthing else. This must include the break down of Isaac Newtown's inverse square law for gravity. The inverse square law also applies to the brightness of candles including the brightness of stars. Latter the forces of magnetic fields as well as charged bodies in static electricity behavior.

An experiment with a couple on a couple bar magnets demonstrates this. Even a pair of pen triple A light touch cells. Hover a millimeter distance each end. You will experience the forces of live voltages of the batteries the repel and attract forces fell the same like the magnetic field of a pair of a magnets. Move away and the forces grow weaker.

For a thought experiment the gravitational pull of black holes should work out the mass in terms of  kilograms per square millimeter or pounds per square inch or in terms of tons, or metric tones. What about adding the speed of light to the equations to see what happens? What would happen if we experimented with Albert Einstein's famous E equals M C squared and Newtown's inverse law the mix?

Such vast numbers of the Planck constant, speed of light and pi ( we can allot a decimal place value such a total 43 decimal place for pi ) arithmetic calculations  should be able to project somthing of dark matter even though it may not tell us what it is except what cosmologists already suspect is a mass of some sort. In other words can dark matter simply be defended as dark matter equals h, pi, c squared?

Physicists believe there is some sort of energy responsible for expanding the universe they don't know anything about whey the call it dark energy. We can apply a mathematical thought experiment  experiment on the Planck scale in the plus ( 6  2  6 times 10 to the 43 in terms of tones of pulling or pushing away to see what the math's makes of it. A symbol for Dark energy ( de ) equals h c squared?

Our mathematical instinct aggress considering by the time the second hand of analogue clocks and digital time peace seconds multiplying the minus Planck constant by the Planck constant in the positive value occurred every second. Apart from the speed of light crossing the diameter of a singularity the smallest amount of time in a second. Our mathematical instinct aggress it's easy enough a second divided up in 6  2  6 times 10 to the 43 Planck constants equals 1 second.

In other words there is  6  2  6,  40 zero number minus Planck constants in a second. The bottom line the arithmetic tells us time, matter, mass and energy of the universe is on a positive as well as  minus Planck constant including in the speed of light and pi scales. The condensed idea the universe is on a Planck constant scale.

Quantum physics tells us the forces holding the center particles of the atom rival that of black holes. The distance of the forces may be no more than a Planck length in circumference round the nucleus particles. We can apply Quantum physics to the particles of the atom in the minus minus Planck constant scales and apply the laws of the universe in the positive value scale.

We can say a distance across the universe one Planck positive value unit. Imagine 6  2  6  40 zeros year number  to a distance point. Those into challenging mathematics can work out in light years. If we work out in centuries is the time passes on earth one Planck constant travels a distance same amount of time.

The standard model of the atom is a cloud of particles called electrons orbiting a cluster of central particles called Neutrons and protons. The particles are believed to vibrate maybe on a Planck constant scale. The Planck constant tells us no faster the the positive value. Today's particle accelerators have pick up the central nucleus particles are made up of particles held together by a nucleus force that rivals the gravitational pull of black holes. Physicist believe the have found the particle responsible for this force called the Higgs boson that gives matter it's mass.

In the 1920's physicists lead by a Danish physics Niles Bore believed particles of the orbiting electron orbited in fixed fixed positions. Think of several child's railway track circles inside each other representing the electron orbits and an engine on each track representing electrons circling round and a cluster of tennis balls in the center smallest circle representing the nucleus.

Bore was the first physics to teach first year university students electrons change orbits by jumping from orbit to another. In other words they disappear from one orbit and pop into the other. It is like saying each toy engine without warring changes tracks with out any switch link. We think it is inconceivable and fantasy full anything can jump from one spot to another with out transferring though any gap. But that's what Bore believed. It was believed some form of energy and light was created in doing so.

As one engine magically disappears leaves a gap where one of the other engines from any one of the other tracks magically fill in without any switch links. The engines play a random filling in checkers game. This spooky action at a distance is on a quantum physics scale may be on a minus Planck constant time. In other words electrons quantum leap's. To Bore the smallest ring solved the question why the electrons didn't spiral in collapsing into the nucleus particles.

It is believed electrons have an anticlockwise and a clockwise spin to them. The magical popping out of existence and popping back into existence again in another orbit may effect the electron spins by changing directions. It seems electrons tell each other when they are clockwise or anticlockwise instructing each other to do the same or opposite at random. It seems like lala land dancing with the ferries fantasy idea electrons are a live and sentient to us.

This communication is believed to occur in the vast distance of space. Electrons seem to communicate what orbit they had just jumped into and what spin the are doing in this part of the universe acknowledged by electrons clear across the other side of the universe following the instructions given.

"Please jump to orbit number two and spin clockwise"

In less than a second several million light years away...........

"Jumping to orbit two and spinning clockwise. Acknowledged" the message passed on..........

"Please jump to the opposite orbit and spin"

In less than a second several million light years away.

"Jumping to opposite orbit and spinning the opposite direction. Acknowledged" passing the message on.

It appears electrons pass on each instruction every other electron every corner of the universe no matter how the distance may be in the amount of time we exchange communication with each other face to face.

Albert Einstein didn't believe such a magical spooky action at a desistance as he called it could ever be possible. Who ever hear of that sort of thing? He thought it was a fantasy full dancing around in lala land with the fairies idea.

Besides communicating clear across the universe like that in a instant is like saying infinitely faster than light speed. Here is a  case in point is it plausible when we consider the sun's gravity?

The sun seems to instantly hold Pluto in orbit round it the vast distance across the solar system in an instant that begs the question how fast is gravity? Faster than light?. Sometimes we just don't know what to believe with the universe anymore.

This action at a distance concept is expressed by the term entanglement. It tells us every electron ( including the nucleus particles ) are all entangled with each other every whether from a minus Planck length on a quantum physics level or the Planck positive constant on the vastness of the universe level.

The the changing of history time lines and spooky action at a distance combined set the persistence for parallel universes, solving the changing of history in a single time line. In theory all the circumstances I had outline for the Titanic had already happened in another parallel worlds and in many other ways. What happen the ship in this world is just one of many alternative realities.

In many worlds the the construction of the ship save it scraping the iceberg as in this one, but didn't sink for many circumstances. In some worlds the ship only succumbed after many more hours than in our world even days in many others worlds.

There is just to many alternative history time lines in an infinite number of combinations in one incident in this world. It is safe to propose Albert Einstein and Adolph Hitler's lives intertwined by the quantum action at a distance their family live played out very different from world to world. In many worlds Hitler and Einstein where mere acquaintances in many worlds and many others close friends.

Bazaar in our world but for this world but not for many many things played very out differently from each other. Bazaar in this world Hillier's theory of relativity and Einstein the Nazi dictator variations between many-many outcome alternatives. Equally bazaar in this world their families immigrating to America on their way got caught up in what titanic struggle the ship went through. Any one of their doubles could have survived and gone down with the ship at the same time.

As far as the universe is concerned many of Hitler and Einstein doubles in many worlds are alive while many others are dead. The many living doubles and the many dead doubles of Hitler and Einstein including Churchill and many other famous names too you can think of in history and today  are dead and alive at the same time. It reminds me of the dead and alive thought experiment dreamed up by a German physics Erwin Shrodinger involving a quantum cat.

In many-many worlds our doubles are living many-many different lives at the same time than the lives we live in this one. In many other worlds we were never born and many others we didn't survive the close calls we had in this world as in many other worlds unrelated fates bestowed on us that past us in this world.

For the living doubles of ourselves there are many-many singles of our selves with no children and many married with children and family of their own at the same time. For those of us single we have sons and daughters in other worlds that don't exit in our world. 

For those married with children they don't exist in the worlds of our single doubles. In an infinite parallel universe law relationships are currently playing out in many-many different alternative ways including guy and straight doubles of ourselves all at the same time. It is not distance of the vastness of space but same people in different dimensions

It is school boy knowledge our bodies are made of origins, every organ made of cells, the cells made up of molecules made of elements made of electrons and the nucleus of the atom. 

For example we are bags of mostly water. Water is made up of one hydrogen and two oxygen atoms, made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. The air we breath is mostly oxygen with a few other elements made up of electrons and the nucleus particles in our blood stream. Our skeleton is made up of calcium made of electrons and the nucleus particles

In other words we are all made of electrons, and the nucleus particles including the strong force that keeps the nucleus together

The curious thing the elements we are made of can be seen in the parabolic table of the elements telling us how many electrons and protons each of the  elements our body is made has. For example Calcium of our skeleton and  Iron present in our blood tells us how many electrons, protons and neutrons of the nucleus. Vitamins are substances also present in our blood stream,Vitamin cell must be a chemical reaction containing electrons and the nuclides particles like all the other vitamins

The electrons in our bodies are in a constant state of the magical spooky action at a distance dance. If electrons are communicating instructions with each  other at great distances our bodies behavior on a quantum physics level might be the source of most of our ESP and hunches and gut feelings everybody experiences. The random action at a distance of the atomic particles can also be responsible for the wired or what bazaar consciences out of the entire population of the earth number over many centuries of time.

Some of us believe time travel is possible.  They believe Albert Einstein had open the door to traveling back though time we can change history. It opens the door to the possibility of the famous grandfather paradox. What if we go back in time and killed our grand parents? Would we exist?  Could it be possible time loop of the situation exist?

Try to explain were you was when your parents ( or grandparents if you like ) were little. Explain where people not born yet in the present. Explain why we can't be the age we were several years ago in the present or several years older we are going to be in the present

Explain why jet aircraft can't fit in with world war one. Try to explain why Microsoft's Windows 8 personal computer operating system could never belong 25 years ago. Try to explain why future technology won't fit the present. People and technology that fit past eras, present and future tells us there is a distinction between the past, present and future.

So how is the present measured. If you thinking our brain, sure it has the ability of measuring time. We can appreciate fully alert knows the passing of every second. It is true brain injury patients time has a limited distinction. Memory often reduces minutes to hours, days even weeks mere moments. Time is meaningless in a coma. A long time unconscious is a state of the last time remembering being conscious seems a moment ago. The point is a alert brain knows all about every second of time passing.

Lets see how an alert brain measures time. Being alert agrees  the next second to come is shifted into the present by the time you finished this sentence now the past second. It is clear every second travels from the future, present and past to an alert brain.

Our brain is pretty good at measuring a meter taking a step and a half forward. It is the time we say one thousand and one, the time second hand of analogue clocks moves a division, the time second of digital time pieces tick and light travels a distance of just under 300,000km. ( Or a 186,000 miles if you like ).

A light second is the distance light travels. Alertness agrees a minute is really 60 second  periods in the present minute. Our brain recognizes a minute is only a matter of traveling a distance light travels sixty light seconds. Our mathematical instinct agrees light travels distance of light seconds in an hour, a day, month, year, century, milliner, ( thousand years ) million, or billions of years.

Our brain recognizes the distinction of science and sports coaches making athletes win or lose by fraction of seconds in the present time. We all hear TV motor sport commentators and car shows announce lap times and nose to tail following distance dramas in less than seconds  pronounced decimals points.  For example 0.25 is a quarter second, 0.33333......... is a third,   0.5 is a half,  0.666666........ is two thirds and 0.75 is three quarter second considered quite critical.

Light traveling a fixed distance every second is a time factor measures distances in time. It obeys Newton's first law of motion once set in motion continues in that motion indefinitely in light's case in the zero resistance of out of space coasts at a maximum speed limit of just under a distance of three hundred thousand kilometres ( or a hundred and eighty thousand miles if you like ) by the time our time measuring our devices records every second.

Our brain recognizes the amount of time the second hand of analogue clocks move a division the seconds of digital time pieces, we walk a meter and we say one thousand and one. In other words to our brain agrees every one of those periods equals the distance light travels we can honestly say a light second: the distance light travels in second. Our mathematical instinct aggress in principle the maximum speed limit is indeed a perfect mathematical constant symbolized c.

Despite the zero resistance of space it coasts no faster. No matter how fast we travel the constant velocity in out of space is always maxed out to three hundred thousand kilometres every second no matter how long any other period. If we are to chase light to catch up with it The constant ( c ) remains the maximum speed limit. It is always a distance of three hundred thousand kilometres ( or a hundred and eighty thousand miles if you like ).

In 1905 Albert Einstein realized if we are to catch with light is closing the distance we travel. The second is altered with us. If we reach light speed we would be traveling in parallel with it. Our mathematical instinct agrees If we do the math's on this tells zero distance. Math's indicate if we travel faster light would be be behind us. We would be in a dimension of space and time light does not yet exist in yet.

Ten years latter during the second year of world war one star and planet gravities, ( as the atmospheres, the clouds of dust of nebulas and gas planets ) slows the passage of light. It takes longer to travel the same distance in gravity than in a lot shorter time  in the zero resistance of a vacuum. ( Deep space if you like ). The slower it goes the longer it takes to travel the  distance it travels at it maximum. In other words if light was twice as slow it would travel three hundred thousand kilometres in two seconds ( Or a hundred and fifty thousand kilometres in a second ).

Light has to travel though the resistance of the atmosphere slows it down. Enough solidness stops dead in it's tracks. In less than a second it reverses direction traveling back out of the earth's atmosphere. The resistance of the earth's atmosphere gets less and less at more and more altitude speeding  back up finally reaching the maximum distance constant in out of space.

Children's science and technology library books on light  is perhaps the simplest explanations of how light deflects. Think of a shop window pane reflection. Observations of a street reflection can be a right angle.

Light from the moon we see is nothing more than the origin of the sun's light deflecting an image of it like a straight mirror in the direction of earth. Although the moon varies in distance it is over a light second away. Our mathematical instinct agrees if we do some arithmetic on this taking less than a couple of seconds multiplied by c gives the us the distance. Our mathematical instinct recognizes the law of mathematics allows us with a known distance and c we can protect how many light seconds away from earth.

Our instinct agrees at maximum coasting since there is sixty seconds in a minute traveling at a fixed distance every second the distance light travels in a minute is merely a simple calculation of sixty times c every second.  We can honestly say the distance light travels at maximum velocity in a minute is a light minute: the distance light travels in a minute. Our math's instinct will agree sixty light seconds of distance.

Light takes eight light minutes to reach our eyes from the sun. This means the sun is a distance of only eight light minutes away. In real time light is three hundred thousand kilometres above the sun's surface by the time you finish this sentence. We don't see this light till eight minutes into the future. Our mathematical instinct agrees the distance from the sun to earth ( in terms of kilometres or miles what ever you prefer ) is sixty times eight times c.

Current light we see every second is nothing more than light's image of the sun as it was eight minutes ago every second. It is three hundred thousand kilometres ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like ) away from earth by the time you finish this sentence every second of time as well.

Our mathematical instinct agrees the fixed constant is sixty times sixty ( or sixty squared ) equals three thousand six hundred seconds times c the distance light travels by the time a one hour TV program.

Clocks change the western calendar date every twelve midnight. Our mathematical instinct agrees if we start with the first second past midnight to the date changes again is sixty squared times twenty four giving us a total of every eighty six thousand four hundred seconds the date changes. The distance light travels in that time is all those seconds times c.

In other words every time clocks changes the date is eighty six thousand four hundred periods additions of a fixed distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometres of time.

Mathematics tells our math's instinct the reciprocal of c every second is eighty six thousand four hundredth of the date change period. Our math's instincts agrees proof when we multiply a hundred and eighty six thousandth by a hundred and eighty six thousand equals one a date change period. In other words a light day.

We can project from known distances the planet of our solar we can project them in light days away at light speed.

Operating on the same principle we can add up the first second twelve midnight Monday morning though every day of the week to the first second of the following twelve midnight Monday morning times c the distance light travels in a week. In other words a light week. We can project from known distances planet of the our solar system in terms of weeks away at light speed.

The western calendar divides up mouths into different days. They vary from as little as twenty eight to as much as thirty one. We are open to project how many moths a planet of our solar system is away at light speed.

However our mathematical instinct whole heartily agrees we can project all the seconds in a year by sixty squared times twenty four times three hundred and sixty five days of the year. Times c projects the distance. ( In terms of kilometres or miles which every is preferred ).We end up with a figure over thirty one million seconds the distance light travels familiarly known to all of us as a light year.

Calculating for the distance light travels in a decade we need to take into account of the extra day at the end of every February every third leap year. Taking into account of all the leap years in a decade we can deduce the distance in years the equivalent light years, light travels in a period of a decade.

Operating on the principle we can deduce the years equivalent of light years the distance light travels in a century, a milliner ( a thousand years ), a million years, a billion even trillions of centuries of time passes on earth. The earth is only a little more than several million centuries old. Those into challenging mathematics can convert years to centuries and vice versa centuries to years of time passes on earth.

The point of the first light from the big bang that has supposed to have created our universe is only just over fourteen and a half light years away from earth. Those into challenging math's can challenge themselves to work the time of the big bang in terms of  in simple equivalent years converting to centuries to the astronomical unit parsecs.

In the meantime we can only ponder on how far away from earth the opposite direction away light has traveled from earth. For all we know it may have already reached equal distance away ages ago.

In 1898 Jules Vern write a science fiction novel titled round the world in 80 days. This post is about round the world in 7 seconds. Light is fast enough to do that. But motion plays an important part traveling round the world on  a light speed scale. Light doesn't travel in the sense of travel. It coasts.

Everything in out of space obeys Newton's law of motion. In the zero resistance of space once set in motion will coast at a maximum speed limit indefinitely. Apart from the acceleration their velocities by gravity would be considerable reduce in any  planetary atmospheres.

The zero resistance of out of space velocity light coasts just under a maximum distance of 300,000km, ( Or a 186,000 miles if you like ) every second. It just doesn't coast any faster than that. If we do the math's on this in terms of kmph pans out to  about 10,080,000.000 the distance light coasts in an hour long TV program. Nothing covers that distance as fast in that time.

Math's tells us a light second is a constant called c. Every second on earth is a distance of just under constant just under 300,000km in the zero resistance out of space cosmologists use to measure the distance of stars. Our mathematical instinct agrees a light year is only a matter of the distance of adding up all the seconds of a year. Every second 300,000km the total in a year's worth is multiplied by c. ( Speed of of, or a light second if you wish )

Because it doesn't go any faster in the zero resistant of space everything has a maximum costing speed limit due to the inertia of their mass. They all just don't travel any faster including galaxies, stars, planets asteroids to specks of dust including light. Their velocities are considerably faster than the top speed of a bullets can ever travel. A law of the universe tells us there is no such thing as stationary. The seemingly stationary imitational space station orbiting earth and a stationary space ship is an illusion because they are still in costing in motion of space faster than bullet can travel at sea level on the surface of earth. 

Shooting stars are merely tiny specks of dust accelerated by the earth's mass ( or gravity if you like ) and even then there is a maximum velocity limit incinerated by the friction of the atmosphere, faster than artillery shells and bullet speeds. Stones the size of apples create blinding balls of light. They hit the ground with all the power of the mother of bullet strikes.

The neighborhood sized asteroid that supposed to have existent the dinosaurs was a several trillion tone missile accelerated by the earth's mass making the mass of the asteroid even heavier with G-forces. It zeroed in striking ground zero with as much force and velocity as a bullet at maximum velocity sticking the corner of a brick wall.

In terms of force knowing the velocity and weight Newtown's law of force equals mass times acceleration in constant motion in out of space but accelerated by the earth's gravity pans out to have been a couple of  trillion ton traveling 10's of 1,000's of kmph zeroing down on ground zero. The asteroid obeys Newton's inertia law that all bodies resist acceleration and the resistance of slowing them down called inertia. All that weight of the huge bolder and G's and friction compressed the air we breath in front of it supper heating it in a head long race to the ground. 

The G-forces and friction compression of the air in front of it inertia glowed the asteroid brighter than a million times the intensity of our sun trailing a burning trial behind it. When it hit ground zero the G- force\s in the inertia accounting an immovable object of the earth, the law of motion dictates the inertias of any that kind of weight and velocity would not be allowed to come to an instant stop. In less than a second the asteroid disappeared into the earth. The G-forces in the inertia acted like a bullet strike on the ground zero.

Every little particle ( photons ) of light are believed to be weightless. But Albert Einstein showed in his General theory of relativity published in the first year of world war one, photons weigh in a gravitational filed. It was proved as a fact by a British astronomer a year after the war.

The accelerated velocity from the earth's mass caused the inertia to compress the air ahead of it. The heat we feel pumping air into a tire with a bicycle pump is not from friction you know. It's what we feel compressing air into the tire. In the science of thermal dynamics compression cause heat. Compress something we drive the temperature up.

The inertial compression of the asteroid at that velocity would have been in the order of several trillions of tones per square inch just from the weight of the bolder alone let a lone from the forces of inertia involved.

Einstein's general theory tells us space is elastic and flexible. It bends, twists and flexes from motion including light. Renewed for it's witlessness the inertia  pressure would be  a little as a microscopic scale.

Traveling in the earth's atmosphere heats it due the inertia building up heat a little heat from friction, and compress, slowing light down. When its hits a sold it is stopped dead in it's tracks. In less than a second reflected back the opposite direction all kinds of angles accelerating back out of the earth's atmosphere. As soon as it clears it,  light instantly accelerates back to it's maximum costing velocity.

Imagine the friction and compression on the air we breath traveling the world the surface of earth at sea level on a light speed scale. It is possible provided we eliminate inertia from our bodies and the compression on the air we breath from our bodies traveling at light speed..

If we could eliminate both those things what would we see of the world traveling round the earth 7 times in a second? Some mathematical figuring can provide some answers.

First of if light travels in the zero resistance of a vacuum a distance of just under 300,000km in a second then hoe much time does it travel in a kilometer? The reciprocal of c is 300,000th. ( One divided by a second or one over c if you like ). Since c is a constant light a every kilometer is covered in a constant 300,000th second. Our mathematical instinct agrees proof of this is a matter of 300,000th multiplied by 300,000, 0r 300,000 multiplied by 300,000th equals a second. The standard metric prefix ( mill lee ) mili- for a thousandth is 300 milliseconds of time. 

By the time light in the zero resistance of deep space travels a distance of 300,000km we casually walk a meter. If we do the math's on this in terms of kmph only a matter of 60 seconds in a minute times 60 minutes in an hour ( sixty squared in other words ) times c, giving us a grand total of 3,600 meters in an hour, 

The standard meter system prefix K  for ( key low ) kilo for a tho3 million times faster than we can causally walk a meter per second sand tells us 3.6kmph walk. In other words we causally walk 3,600 meters by the time an hour long TV program.

Operating on the principle our mathematical instinct can work out how much time light travels in the same amount of time we walk a meter. The standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer. Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a matter of a 1,000,000 ( or a million ) meters in a km. In other words there is 30,000,000 meters in 300,000km. 

The standard metric system micro for a millionth tells us light travels a meter in 30 millionth of a second we travel the same distance in a second. Nobody can disprove it because math's can't lie you know. Note the great particle accelerator CERN in Switzerland produces particles of the atom popping in and out of existence in same amount of time light travels a meter.

What this is saying the 30 millionth of a second by the time we walk the same distance in a whole second. In other words light is 30 million times faster than we can causally walk a meter. In other words from c's point of view every second of the environment is slowed down by 30 million times. Because light doesn't mathematics projects from c's point of view time doesn't travel any slower than 30 million times. 

Time on earth is view as a maxed out slowness. Time does not stop because from out point of view light is traveling 30 million times faster than we can causally walk a meter.

If we could view a person walking a meter per second ( 3.6kmph velocity ) from c's point of view we would view the person walk as slow as 30 million times slower every second we travel round the world.  In retrospect we would observe the person only move a meter the same time we race round the entire circumference of earth 7 times.

 Time on the surface of earth at sea level is as flexible as space itself. Think of accelerating a distance of a 160km ( or a 100 miles ) to a stop in a second. When we accelerate we take off to distance of 80km in half second. When we apply the brakes to come to a complete stop again in another 80km in another half second.

Two things could happen from a observers point of view. Either we disappear point A and reappear point B a160km away in a second, or stretch like a rubber band all that distance snapping back to normal that distance away in a second. In other words we'd travel a distance of 160km the same time a observer strides only a meter.

What would we observe of the environment's time? Most probably we'd observe the environment's second slow down or stretch longer in time. It will get longer and longer the faster we go until the time we reach a distance of 80km.

When we hit the brakes at this point we would observe the environment's time compressed shorter and shorter slowly at first getting faster and faster until we find ourselves stopped a second into the future we left off a160km away

In other words the faster we go the faster time slows down and the faster we slow down the faster time speeds up again. This would probably also happen when we slow down to a stop from traveling round the surface of earth at sea level from light speed. In other words once we slow down time environment's speeds up getting faster and faster until we find ourselves a second in the future where we started.

Mass ( it's gravity if you like ) slows time as we know from the mass of  black holes and the earth's mass is no exception. If we go up a tall sky scrapper we are leaving the strongest gravitation pull at the bottom at sea level. In this instance we only age a few microseconds slower on the roof than the ground as long as we stay there.

When we ascend back down again we are returning back down to the strongest gravitational pull at the bottom of the building again were the earth's mass retards our ages. By the time we reach the bottom the difference may be less than a picosecond ( Pico from the standard metric system for a billionth of a second ) than we where at the top.

The same applies to passengers in aircraft travel. While they are aloft higher than record breaking man made structure, they are younger than everybody else at see level.

However when returning back to landing on the tarmac of the air port their age is retarded the faster and faster as they return back to sea level because of the stronger gravitation of the mass of the earth is stronger. The same applies to astronoaghts orbiting the earth. When they return back to sea level they are returning back to the strongest gravitational pull of the mass of earth again. The only difference would probably be less than a picosecond younger because where the gravity is strongest than aloft orbiting the earth.

My guess is the same effect returning back into the strong gravitational field of the solar system from a adventure far outside it. A twin may return no older than his twin because  coming back to the stronger gravitational fields retarding his age. They arrive on the surface of earth no older than everybody else.

How wormholes work. The thoery of wormholes.

Inventions and discoveries are discovered by accident experimenting with inventions all the time. A science fiction TV series called the sliders about a university student, Quinn Mallory experimenting with antigravity in his basement in an attempt to invent an antigravity lifting device. ended up creating the holly grail of cosmology known in scientific circles as an Einstein/Pulaski/Rosen bridge familiar to us all as a wormhole.

Another parallel with the series was star gate one a spin off of the science fiction movie of the discovery of a abandoned wormhole gate on earth.

Haven to Betsy if only cosmologist knew of Mallory's experiment they and physicists can only dream about. They would have wanted to meet this Mallory stoked with excitement of the news of conquering the laws of the universe the way Mallory's experiment did. How could it have happened?

The answer to some of the physics was recorded why back in 1935 two prominent physicist Nathan Rosen and Boris Pulaski sharing Albert Einstein's dubious believe of the claims of an emerging Quantum Physics started way back in 1900 by a German Physicist Max Planck. Einstein's collages  banded with Einstein to write a paper to discredit quantum physics as incomplete once and for all. The final report only ended up opening the lid off Pandora's cosmology box.

According to Einstein extreme weight of the center of the dark star (a singularity of what we call today black holes ) one part of the universe sinking a deep shaft in the fabric of space. It was entirely a feasible idea could link with another doing the same on the other side of the universe. Theoretically the two sink wells would link together to form the legendary Einstein/Rosen/Pulaski bridge or to us a wormhole.

Einstein never excepted quantum physics explanation of same of the quarks of cosmological nature because a lot of it required faster than the speed of light. More proximately  the spooky action at a distance he himself coined.

The trio felt the alleged infinitely dense and zero volume of the singularity ( the very center of black holes ) had to be far to overwhelming that could not happen. It was to much of a compromise on the laws of ordered classical physics and mathematics as we know it for the trio's taste. The best they could could come up with is the conclusion quantum mechanics at lest was very much incomplete.

Never the less the sliders series portrays Mallory's experiment only intended as an antigravity experiment jump started an on going adventure involving himself and three of his companions caught lost sliding his artificial wormhole landing in all sorts of alternate earth's in parallel dimensions with ours in a vain attempt to find their back their prime home world. In the meantime there was many adventures throughout each visiting each world exploring some of the physical characteristics of the universe..

The definition describes wormholes as the legendary cosmosic tunnels quantum mechanics describing tunneling through the fabric of space we have all heard about.

Cosmologist believe are driven by the origins of the gravitational forces of black holes. The gravity is renowned to be so strong not even light can escape. It's supposed to check in but never checks out. Black holes once believed contrary to we were all taught at school matter cannot be destroyed. The belief matter crushed out of existence, not to a black hole it wasn't.

It was believed spinning black holes black holes called now seen as Pulsars spewing out jets of matter contrary to the believe nothing can escape the gravitational pull of the hole. It was once thought there was enough centrifugal forces at light speed to throw out matter before it passes the point of no return. There have been reports of the theory of white holes and pulsars can provide another explanation and show strong evidence resolving the question if parallel universes really do exist.

Think of an astronaght caught up in the inside of the edge of a black hole ( the event horizon ). The last thing he obviously may see if he was looking back outwards out of the hole a blinding white light of light falling in with him. White holes in this universe could easily fit the criteria observing light entering a black a black hole clear across the other side of the universe emerging out this side.

What if cosmologists are observing the jets of matter exiting a pulsar is merely matter entering a black hole in another universe emerging out of the same black hole in this universe?  If these are true it is certainly a logical assumption why matter cannot be destroyed where it goes to and supporting the possible existence of wormholes to evidence of parallel universes.

Mallory's experiment was like this traveling the vast distance across the universe in a moment linking up with a multitude of parallel reality earth's. Cosmogonists would have been mesmerized how Malloy's experiment could have turned into a actual wormhole. Can we learn from Mallory's experiment to make one of our own in our back shed?  What do we need to know to build one?

Well.....the story it seems begin in the second year of world war one when Albert Einstein's second theory of reality, the general theory, was published. It  contended space is rubbery, bents, twists, and ripples by the mass and motion of stars and planets. The earth's mass for example shrinks a portion of space round the entire circumference compression us to the surface as it moves in motion orbiting round the sun.

The shrink forms an indentation round the entire circumferences the moon follows in orbit motion round the earth shrinking space coursing indentions round both bodies moving though space as they go. The same can be true with the sun and our solar system planets and moons, asteroids to specks of dust.

Considering the tilt angle of the earth both poles are pulling space inwards on themselves as the streets of our neighbourhood is, just as the neighbourhood streets on the other side of the globe is.

The closest analogy would be under water pressure. Bodies are subjected to a force compressing them inward from all directions. In the case, space itself. There is a theory of gravity waves caused by stars and planets traveling though the fabric of space like ships creates wakes as they plough though surface of oceans.

Einstein Rosen, and Pulaski's bridge ( or wormhole if you like ) are believed to be created by the physics of black holes. Today it is beloved black holes are created by the death throws of only super massive stars. Stars the size of our sun just won't cut it. The mass is to small. When they die in a supernovae  their cores only end up as a neutron stare. Neutron stars shrinks, bend and twist space ( or gravity if you like ) compressing what was left of the core to roughly the size of our inner planets. Just a sugar cube weighs as much as the same gravity as the original star once was. Incredibly dense for size.

Cosmologists believe observed search light bacon like pulsars are the results of the exploding death throws of stars a little bigger than the latter. The jets of matter streaming from a spinning pulsar looking like a rotating search light beam in the distant horizon could actual be matter that fell in a black hole horizon across the other side of the universe or from a parallel universe. It would indeed explain the contrary matter should not be able to do that in a black hole.

Black holes are believed to be created by the mother of all stars almost the size of our solar system right up to Pluto. There sizes compared to our sun is off the charts. Our sun is a tiny molecule compared to a basket ball.

Energy of expanding heat is the key holding the outer layers of all stars from collapsing from under the weight of compressing space. In terms of Weight several hundreds of thousand of millions of billion of trillion of tones per square micro Inch of crushing inward pressure all around the star tying to crush it. The outward expansion of temperature is equal proportion pushing against the powerful shrinkage of space. Tempters are as hot as several hundreds of thousands of degrees Fahrenheit. It is so hot it is pure heat energy called plasma.

Thus with enough temperature there will be enough energy keeping the star from imploding actually caused by the compression of space causing heat build up in the first place.

A case in point. The heat you feel from a bicycle pump pumping up a tire is not from friction you know. When we compress somthing we drive the temperature up creating expanding energy. When space compresses a star heat builds up because of the Wight of the compression. Keeping up compression keeps heat going. The law of star thermal dynamics tells us if you keep compressing matter keeps driving temperature up.

All stars including our own small star ( the sun ) was created by the simple relentless compression of space. Nebulae debris ( gas fields were stars are born ) are compressed together. In time builds up so much  mass in turn builds more compression pressure. Finally hydrogen atoms are squashed together with so much force they fuse together turning into another atom helium called fusion.

Most people are confused  between the difference between fusion and fission. Fission is the opposite of fusion tearing atoms apart. In other words the energy released from splitting the atom as in thermal nuclear explosions. The act of compressing hydrogen atoms together is fusion not fission. And the act of spiting atoms apart is fission not fusion.

Physicists believe when hydrogen atoms are crushed together a light particle called a photon explodes into existence. Putting this another way when a photon bursts into existence is when a hydrogen is fused into a helium atom. A helium atom is born. When a run away of billions of trillions occurring simultaneously every second a swelling of the outer layers occurs enough to start a star. In other words a star is born.

There is so much of a store of hydrogen even in tiny stars let a lone gigantic ones the conversion to helium is a slow and steady processes in small and medium stars like our sun lasting many millions of centuries of earth time. The sun pea sized compared to a basket ball size star the conversion in the core is quick and furious only lasting a few thousand of centuries on earth.

When the cores of supper giant stars start running out of hydrogen, before pressure drops space's relentless compression on the outer layers compressing the core keeps the cores temperature up. In fact it is adjusting every time there is a loss of temperature. By this time the compression is much greater than before crushing helium atoms harder together. After creating hydrogen into helium,  one by one the core starts  creating the elements of the parabolic table in the outer layers.

Once the stars reaches the stage of creating the heaviest element iron the expanding outer layer pressure is grater than than the compression of space swelling the outer layers as far away from the core matching across our solar system right up to as far as Pluto, in a mother of all red giant stars. The compression of space in a loosing battle again the energy of the temperature of the bloated outer layers.

Meanwhile what is happening in the core every time Iron is created absorbs close to a hundred percent of the cores energy. The robbery of so much energy manufacturing iron keeps loosing temperature thus energy. Temperature of the core is dropping all the time. Finally iron has absorbed the core energy it cannot hold itself from the great weight of the outer layers.

In less than a second the core collapses under the crushing pressure of the outer layers. The core goes from our sun size core to a smaller than a particle of an atom. With the core gone the outer layer is free to burst wide open like an exploding balloon not even the compression of space can hold back. These hyperpnoea produces more energy less than a second our sun ever will.

The last of the heavy elements such as gold, silver and lithium are created in the actual explosion not in the core. The outer layer spreads out on a light speed scale seeding space the parabolic table of the elements.

like the debris of a quarry blast falling back to ground, the compression power of space on the core ( often as large as our entire sun ) collapses the remaining debris like a house of cards. Less than a second the core disappears out of sight as small as a particle of the atom leaving pure gravity behind. It is so powerful is like a incredibly dense solid called a singularity the same color as the back drop of space hiding it. A black hole is born.

The outer edges is called the event horizon that can be millions of kilometres that even the seeming weightless light is heavy enough the velocity is not fast enough to escape the seeming trillions of kilometers deep vertical well of the singularity. They left behind a legacy for astronomers to ponder. Since the invention of the telescope they had  tracked mysterious pin lights seemingly orbiting nothing. Today we know the atomic particle size mass in the very center ( or the singularity if you wish ) of black holes are orbiting stars.

According to the four sliders were never suffocated, crushed burnt to a cinder landing in parallel dimensions unharmed with exactly the right mixture of oxygen, and an earth with identical graviton and atmospheric pressure. The only explanation I can think of somthing to do with Mallory's antigravity experiment like repel and and unlike attract magnetic and electricity laws prevented the tragedy of sliding a wormhole. Or some exotic way of protecting them.

In the case of Quinn's wormhole like attracting and unlike repelling passed over earth's that wasn't a match to it's origin home world it was created. Information created in it's own environment repel away from environments that wasn't a match and attracted to those that were. All done by the like attract  and unlike repel law. Once a match was found it opened a link to a perfectly matched environment.

When the portal found a match the gravity of that world pulled on the what every contents was sliding inside. When the four dived headlong into the portal the gravity at the opposite end pulled them though like falling down the side of a tall sky scupper depositing one by one in that world the portalclosing behind them.

In Mallory's earlier episodes with his experimenting cranking it up his experiment he observed spread from a small point opening  several meters wide looking like some midd air water whirlpool roaring and sucking at the basement atmosphere like a giant air conditioner. He stood for a moment before walking round behind it.

He passed behind doing a complete circle checking where the tunnel was disappearing to.  What was his antigravity experiment doing? The roaring midd air vortex  collapsed in on itself with a Shawormph! leaving a normal and quiet basement environment behind. His experiment had somehow managed to reproduce something else than anti gravity or using it somehow to keep it from collapsing so easily.

He started it again. Chuuorrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr it went expanding wide open pulling in on the air.

Quinn had done running video diaries reporting what was happening before collapsing inward on itself again.

After a while he began realizing what this midd air vertex might be. It was a quite a surprise. Had Quinn's antigravity experiment had somehow created a singularity in his basement here on earth? Had it mysteriously over come the inherent overflowing forces of a black hole?

Mallory excitedly cranked up his machine again. With a chuuoorrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr! produced the  vortex roaring like a hurricane. Studying it he observed as much as he could before the vertex collapsed with shawormph! on itself again. He considered testing the stable entrance placing objects through it.  Placing a beach ball at the foot of the mouth it snatched it disappearing into the center closing on it with shawormph! After a few minutes waiting while he studied scientific filed equation blackboard he started the machine again. With a chroorarrrrrr on opening the hole in mid air roared away like a tornado.  The ball soon shot back across his basement. Retrieving it he reflected what he was holding.  He reflected......... "Where had theses objects been"?

Some investigative thinking staring at the scientific formulae scribbled blackboard again. He began seeing pattern written in the mathematics emerging.

"What was holding vertex so stable?  How was it overcoming the inherent instability problems associated with wormholes. Antigravity..... maybe......an antimatter rearrangement maybe? Power!! But why not for long?"

He soon realized their was a drain while holding the hole the roaring vertex open quickly running down until it could not hold it open any longer. Anybody familiar with on the road with laptop batteries know the feeling as they automatically shut themselves down  when the batteries are too flat to power them any longer. Observing the behavior of the mathematical formula he realized there was a timing pattern.

Quinn soon realized his machine was automatically recharging back enough power he could restart the vortex again. At this point designed and built a a remote control timing device.

He considered sending his believed cat but though again reluctant in case his feline panicked on the other side never seeing her again. Eventually he considered trying it himself. Soon his confidence in taking the plunge was growing. Taking his timer Quinn took the plunged. It unexpectedly yanked him in closing behind him.

To cut a long story short short after he had been to a parallel reality earth and back and after showing his university professor and coworker, getting over their initial shock at what they were witnessing before their very eyes Quinn asked what would they do with this opportunity to see what's on the other side.

Wade beside herself exclaimed  "You mean we can just like, slide though this and BOOM! we're on another planet"!!

As Quinn eloquently put it........

"No"!  He exclaimed. "Same planet! Different dimension"

What would you do if you had the opportunity to slide a wormhole to explore a different dimension? The professor was a very reluctant and unsure holding back. Wade was beside herself with excitement convincing them of the adventure of sliding the mid air whirl pool rearing in front of them. When all three finally took the vertex snatched at them closing behind.

Unfortunately some unfortunate events in that world they landed in a premature activation of the timer corrupted the coordinates to their original  prime world. They were trapped in parallel earth realties unstill the wormhole recharged it could be open by Quinn's remote control to carry them back to the next world to try again.

There is a distinction between the past, present and future. A case in point asking this question. Where were you when your parents ( or grandparents if you like ) were little? Everybody answers with the same conclusion. How could they exist at the time.

We all can not exist several years younger than we are now nor several years older we are going to be several years into the future. We can only exist at our current age in the now. The same could be said of our future children not born yet can not exist in the now until several years into the future. 

The same point with technology. In all of history technology today could not exist in the past. Take Microsoft history of the windows operating system. Windows 8 could not exist when windows 3x ( 3.0 )  was the latest system in the early 90's. Computer technology as a whole, in the now is drastically different ( or advanced if you like ) since then. And the technology to come doesn't exist  now until the future.

The future second has become the now and past second by the time you finish this sentence. It is clear every second travels from the future, present to the past. We measure clocks ( including digital time pieces ) in the present minute even though they are really only 60 second  periods in the present minute. The same with the future, past and present, hour, day, month, year, century, milliner,( thousand years ) million, or billion years. in fact period is made up of seconds of time.
The future second has become the now and past second by the time you finish this sentence. It is clear every second travels from the future, present and past. We measure clocks ( including digital time pieces ) in the present minute even though they are really only 60 second  periods in the present minute. The same with the future, past and present, hour, day, month, year, century, milliner,( thousand years ) million, or billion years. in fact period is made up of seconds of time.

Science and sports coaches make athletes win or lose by fraction of seconds in the now time while the rest of us tend to dismiss as to quick nick picking accuracy. We all hear TV motor sport commentators and car shows announce lap times and nose to tail following distance dramas less than a second  pronounced in decimals fractions. 0.25 is a quarter second, 0.33 is a third, 05 a half and 0.66 is two thirds and 0.75 is three quarter second considered quite critical.

Light is a time factor we measure the distance it travels in a second. It obeys Newton's first law of motion once set in motion continues in that motion indefinitely in light's case in the zero resistance of out of space coasting at a maximum speed limit that doesn't travel any faster.

It is a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers ( or a hundred and eighty thousand miles if you like ) by the time we say one thousand and one, the hand of analogue clocks moves a division, the second of digital time pieces and the time we walk a meter.

In other words every one of those periods equals by the time  light travels just under three hundred thousand kilometers we can honestly call a light second: the distance light travels in second. Our mathematical instinct aggress in principle the maximum speed limit is mathematical constant which is symbolized c.

Despite the zero resistance of space it coasts no faster than the distance it travels per second. In out of space  it just doesn't the distanced any faster that amount of time every second. No matter how fast we travel light in out of space is always maxed out to three hundred thousand kilometers. ( Just under to be precise ).

In 1905 Albert Einstein realized star and planet gravities, ( as the atmospheres, the clouds of dust of nebulas and gas planets ) slows the passage of light. It takes longer to travel the same distance in the zero resistance of a vacuum. ( Deep space if you like ). The slower it goes the longer it takes to travel that distance. In other words if light was twice as slow it would travel three hundred thousand kilometers in two seconds ( Or a hundred and fity thousand kilometers in a second ).

When free of from resistance of the earth's gravity and atmosphere the distance traveled though the atmosphere closes. If twice as slow is anything to go by light accelerates and stops accelerating to its constant three hundred thousand kilometer per one second . In other words the faster light goes the faster it travels a distance and the slower it goes the slower covers a distance.

In other words entering the gravitational filed of earth's atmosphere slows light. Enough solidness stops dead in it's tracks. In less than a second it reverses direction traveling back out of the earth's atmosphere. The resistance gets less and less at more and more altitude. The distance becomes to maximum becomes shorter light speeding  back up finally reaching the maximum distance constant in out of space.

Light from the moon we see is nothing more than the origin of the sun's light deflecting an image of it like a straight mirror in the direction of earth. Although the moon varies in distance it is over a light second away. Our mathematical instinct agrees if we do some arithmetic on this taking less than a couple of seconds multiplied by c gives the us the distance. Our mathematical instinct recognizes the law of mathematics allows us to project with a known distance and c the seconds away.

Our instinct agrees at maximum coasting since there is sixty seconds in a minute traveling at a fixed distance every second the distance light travels in a minute is merely a simple calculation of sixty times c every second.  We can honestly say the distance light travels at maximum velocity in a minute is a light minute: the distance light travels in a minute. Our math's instinct will agree sixty light seconds of distance.

Light takes eight light minutes to reach our eyes from the sun. This means the sun is a distance of only eight light minutes away. In real time light is three hundred thousand kilometers above the sun's surface by the time you finish this sentence. We don't see this light till eight minutes into the future. Our mathematical instinct agrees the distance from the sun to earth ( in terms of kilometers or miles what ever you prefer ) is sixty times eight times c.

Current light we see every second is nothing more than light's image of the sun as it was eight minutes ago every second. It is three hundred thousand kilometers ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like ) away from earth by the time you finish this sentence every second of time as well.

Our mathematical instinct agrees the fixed constant is sixty times sixty ( or sixty squared ) equals three thousand six hundred seconds times c the distance light travels travels by the time a one hour TV program.

Clocks change the western calendar date every twelve midnight. Our mathematical instinct agrees if we start with the first second past midnight to the date changes again is sixty squared times twenty four giving us a total of every eighty six thousand four hundred seconds the date changes. The distance light travels in that time is all those seconds times c.

In other words every time clocks changes the date is eighty six thousand four hundred periods additions of a fixed distance distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers of time.

Mathematics tells our math's instinct the reciprocal of c every second is eighty six thousand four hundredth of the date change period. Our math's instincts agrees proof when we muiltiply a hundred and eighty six thousandth by a hundred and eighty six thousand equals one a date change period. In other words a light day.

We can project from known distances the planet of our solar we can project them in light days away at light speed.

Operating on the same principle we can add up the first second twelve midnight Monday morning though every day of the week to the first second of the following twelve midnight Monday morning times c the distance light travels in a week. In other words a light week. We can project from known distances planet of the our solar system in terms of weeks away at light speed.

The western calendar divides up mouths into different days. They vary from as little as twenty eight to as much as thirty one. We are open to project how many moths a planet of our solar system is away at light speed.

However our mathematical instinct whole heartily agrees we can project all the seconds in a year by sixty squared times twenty four times three hundred and sixty five days of the year. Times c projects the distance. ( In terms of kilometers or miles which every is preferred ).We end up with a figure over thirty one million seconds the distance light travels familiarly known to all of us as a light year.

Calculating for the distance light travels in a decade we need to take into account of the extra day at the end of every February every third leap year. Taking into account of all the leap years in a decade we can deduce the distance in years the equivalent light years, light travels in a period of a decade.

Operating on the principle we can deduce the years equivalent of light years the distance light travels in a century, a milliner ( a thousand years ), a million years, a billion even trillions of centuries of time passes on earth. The earth is only a little more than several million centuries old. Those into challenging mathematics can convert years to centuries and vice versa centuries to years of time passes on earth.

The point of the first light from the big bang that has supposed to have created our universe is only just over fourteen and a half light years away from earth. Those into challenging math's can challenge themselves to work the time of the big bang in terms of  in simple equivalent years converting to centuries to the astronomical unit parsecs.

In the meantime we can only ponder on how far away from earth the opposite direction away light has traveled from earth. For all we know it may have already reached equal distance away ages ago.

Bellow is a sample of a basic skeleton all browser of all vintage instantly recognize. Your operating system cut, copy and paste system is always available you can make a copy pasted to any basic word and word processor. Name the file html table template and save in your system.

Different vintage operating systems and different operating systems have different ways to convert word pads to a html web page document

<html>
<head>
<body>
Text
<table>
<tr>
<td>text</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</head>
</html>

When you open the web page you can view the source code your browser will display exactly whet you see there. It consists of the basic html, head, and body tags. I included the word text in two places one displayed outside and one inside the table arrangement. Elements with no slashes begins new elements and with slashes ends them. 

For example browsers read any declarations ( not shown in my basic skeleton ) followed by the html, head and body. No slashes begins new tables: new table rows: new table data's respectively. Slashes end table data's, ends table rows, ends  tables, ends the body, ends the head and finally ends the html sequence respectively. When typing by hand think no slashes begins each element and the right leaning slashes end each one.

Any right leaning slash typed in the wrong place such as in a begin element or left out at of an any end element makes a mess of the intended layout. Another important factor to bear in mind is the left and right pointing brackets.

Everything typed between the inward brackets is displayed on screen and correspondingly typed between outward pointing brackets is not displayed. ( or hidden if you like ). Operating on the principle everything that is displayed. ( including image attributes  ). This method is a in line system here applied to tables. Today's browsers only recognize Cascade Style Sheet ( CCS ) formatting of text. In line CCS is favourite  of bloger site scripts.

Typing html manually operating system cut, copy and past systems allow you can past the template into you operating system word pad. word or any other word processor. Different vintages and operating systems have different ways of converting words into html documents. See manuals on you operating system converting a word to html web page.

Remember to keep all text and image attributes between the inward pointing tags. Anything between the out ward pointing brackets browser treat as layout information only not displayed. Keep the CCS text formatting in line at first word of every sentence.

The sample bellow shows 5 table data cells.

<table>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

However 3 is ideal to represent an on line like a open book. The begin table row tag tells browsers to display the top table data the  as the left page the center table data left blank for the spine effect and the bottom table data displaying the right hand page. All that is required is the addition of the typing between the outward pointing tags the  table spacing attribute instructions. Set the text cursor and make a space on the right of every table data between the outward pointing tags the table spacing attributes in CCS script .

<table>
<tr>
<td>Left page</td>
<td>blank center for the spine effect</td>
<td>Right page</td>
</tr>
</table>

Filling in the details in word  when you convert to an html web page browsers automatically fill in the cell size attributes. HTML editors fill in the specified details as you type,

You can take advantage of the center blank to fill in with your imagination images attributes representing the spine of the open book style. Or the top and bottom table data cells the left and right text of the image image effect in the center. It is a help in laying out professional looking page the top table data the left navigation bar, the bottom table data the main body, or if you choose to go for 3 the bottom table data cell for additional side bars bars. Keeping all text and image attributes between all inward pointing tags and the htmll attribute hidden between the outward pointing tags you should have no trouble with page layout.  The begin and end table row tags rearranged as shown here browsers display the table data cells left to right across the screen. The set shows end table row top of every begin table data between every begin and end table data cells <table>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tabl>  Editing the basic skeletons insert the text cursor between the inward pointing tags of the table data's and start typing 

Paragraphs are formed by inserting a pair of inward pointing brackets one without a slash begins a new paragraph and the other a slash ending the paragraph like this <p></p>. The lustration bellow shows the begin table data top of the list end table data at the bottom. Once again your operating system cut copy and past system you can make multiple copies of the table data cells like this 

 <table>
<tr>
<td>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table> 

When you hit the enter key in html editors they automatically create paragraph tags. They have settings that you can change the way they create single or double spaces automatically. Doing html manually  keeping your text and html attributes Including ( image attributes ) between all the inward pointing tags you will have no trouble with page layout. 

Missing a line separating paragraphs manually can be created by using blank paragraph tags. Alternatively the break tags exactly as you would the paragraph tags  Incorrectly placed break takes your browser will make a mess of your layout.

You can create a entire table pasted between the inward pointing brackets called nesting as shown here. In other words it is a table inside a table.

<table>
<tr>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

As you can see at this stage tables have become time consuming and completed specially with the addition of image and table spacing formatting. The trick is to observe the inward and outward pointing of the brackets. Anything typed between the inwards is displayed and anything between the outwards is not.