What causes bicycle flat and repair failures? There is two types of punctures. One is a picked up road debris, a sliver of glass, tax, hair wire or a stone imbedded in the tire to leaking previous patch repair.

A cause is often old tires. Wrong tire for the rim will do it. They tend to  pinch pin holes in the inner tube. Inner tubes rely on the effectiveness of  the tire to hold in air. When you observe marks on the inner tube is a sign of an old budget tire and a wrong type for the rim giving only a few kilometers of reliability at a time. What do I mean by wrong type?

When you look at the inside edge of any bicycle rim there will either be a hook or flat edge. Correspondingly there will be a hook or flat edge in  tires rims.

If a hooked tire assembled on a flat edged rim will leak like a sieve. If a hooked rim assembled with a flat edge tire will also leak like a sieve. Hooked rims need hooked rim tires and flat edge rims need flat edged tire rims. There will be obvious hook or flat edge, a couple of size of hooks between. Some rims are hard to decide if a hook or flat rim edge.

Miss match fittings gives you endless frustration of ever softening tires. A water test in a bath tub, the whole wheel pumped up bubbles come out between the rim and tire wall showing how badly the tire is quickly leaking. It is a sign of a miss match tire for the rim.

Standard and budget tires and inner tubes are not flat proof. Old warn out ones leak like sieves and if a miss match on the rim only adds to the problem. Expensive ones cover cyclists bases made of flat resistant material. They are made clearing pins from the inner tube. In other words heavy duty flat proof specially when the right match fitting of the rims.

Cyclists can expect brand new standard and budget tires tend last several hundred kilometers or a year of trouble free service but expensive flat proof tires will  stand the test of a long time still good for many-many more kilometers than standard budget types.

Sudden and immediate flats is a sign of just picked road debris. But there are times when the tires take it's time slowly getting softer and softer a sign of miss match. leaking like a sieve caused a pinch holes or a leaking patch. Odds are high a miss match tire and rim. They are are often the cause of slow leaks.

Miss match and previous patch repair patches or a pin hole are a curse for letting cyclists down constantly.  Properly inflated tire pressures often adds pressure causing. the toped up to to go soft again within a few meters to a kilometer.

Continuing softening tire ( a sign of miss match tire and rim ) doesn't help to well because your weight disperses tire. The pressure widens pin holes and holes under patches the characteristics of slow leaks. Neglecting the right type of tire for the rim and proper inflation is often the cause of habitual puncture repairs. Running soft only hasten the life of the tire brand new tires.

You will feel a road rolling resistance in your peddling. Think of an extreme case pushing a heavily loaded wheel barrow with an almost flat tire. You can imagine the push when pumped as hard as a rock. We all feel the same with our bicycles. You will notice a vast improvement if you reassembles another tire with right match for the rim.

When you experience an instant flat examining the circumference the picked up road debris is often spotted immediately before the wheel is even removed.

They are easy to find when you turn you bike upside down resting on the seat and handle bars turning the wheel round before you remove the defending object. If it is not removed every time you inflate the picked up debris punctures another hole in the inner tube you just fixed.

If the tire takes it's time to go flat after you toped up with air and can't find any road debris in it odds are a pinch mark had finally popped into a tiny hole or a previous patch has started leaking like sieve a sign to consider investigating if you have a miss match tire and rim.

Miss match tire and rim will cause pin holes to appear anywhere,  between the inner tube and the roof of the tire or the under side of the inner tuber on the rim. The rubber strap of the rim in poor condition can do it.

Budget repair kits is often a source of a patch repair frailer. Once the glue  ( cement as it is called ) is opened. used then stored ready when needed again the cement and patches don't seem to keep. The cement doesn't seem seal the patch properly rendering patch useless.

It is a common cause of patch repair failure. Reasonably priced patchy kits covers your bases in the quality of the cement and patches. Allowing any cement to get damp during wet weather conditions often causes the cement to be contaminated with moisture to a point of  failing to stick the patch altogether.

Another failure with cement is haste. Sticking patches on wet cement will cause problems. The cement should be let dry like sticky side of taps

Old inner tubes can help shawl up budget and well worn tires for a while.  Road debris has to penetrate the thickness of the old tube protecting the main tube effectively a poor man's temporary flat proofing standard and budget tires. It works good for several more dozen kilometers. But by the end of the day the tier will soon start the habit of slowly getting soft again.

When fitting a make shift flat proof bandage one side of the tire is off the rim. Start with stuffing the old tube fingering, prodding, poking and pushing nicely flat into positing the inside roof of the tire on top and inner tube. On the udder side of the inner tube rim side is perhaps not very helpful.

Pinch holes are notorious to find. No hole can hide from an under water test. This of course requires a basin or bath tub of water. First pump up the inner tube. If you are lucky enough at a petrol station you can use the free air station to do you repairs but if on the side of the road you can only make do with your hand pump can do.

If there is no accesses to water the only option is to pump the inner tube out of the tire by hand with your hand pump as full as you can. Pin holes tend to keep the tube deflated as fast as you put air in a sign of one. Working hard it is possible you can eventually feel a column of air locating the hole.

Pinch holes are notorious for hiding very small columns. They are hard to feel. They can be so tiny it will take a lot of effort to expand the hole enough to feel a column.

Cyclists are often forced to consider if is the valve. If the valve proves OK keep at expanding the inner tube till you feel the column of gushing air. The valve should be the first thin checked.

If you have accesses to same sort of water troth  like a sink or bath tub immersing the inner tube eventually you will come across a bubbling column. Pinch holes are very tricky. They are so tiny as soon as you you remove the tube out of the water you will loose site of the hole.

It may take several attempts at re-immersing to keep track of the hole every time you dry the concerned area. You can only do the best you can. Once you have site of the tiny pin prick, with ball point pen circle it before you loose site of it again.

If there is no pin hole bubbling you would have bound to have found a previous patch leaking. It is important to wait for several seconds under water for any sign of a single bubble struggling to come out from under the patch or scan closely bubble fluff found the edge. This would apply to the valve. Bubbles resting on the surface of the tube is a dead give away the tube is leaking like a sieve.

If you fully inflate a good or brand new inner tube with a good tire and rim match checking a water test you will note no bubble fluff is an good indication of what inner tires should be. Going by that any bubble fluff is a strong indicator of a inner tube leaking a big contributor of slow leaks. Time to investigate double checking once and for all the rim and tire match.

In the case of pinch hole examine the rest of the tube for evidence of similar scuff marks that look like they are about to go into a pin hole. Theses are all the more reason to make doubly sure you have the correct rim and tire match.

With a pen circle and look for any others and circle those as well. Then you have the option of patching those before they go or at lest aware the potential flats are in the future of by a new inner tube.

Noting the position of the hole if on top or underside of the inner tube indicates if the tire or rim is causing the pinch mark problem. Again a double check incentive for tire and rim matching. That should give a clue on the next logical step covering your bases protection.

Before you  patch the tube hole deflating the tube vacuum flat helps eliminate the roundness of tube that tends, Roundness tends to lift the edges where they tend not to stick creating the edge leeks often the cause of puncture repair familiar.

In the case of the car like shredders  type valve a technique is to roll up the tube into a ball to you chest and pressing the inner core of the valve in. The pressure will insure a nice vacuum flatness.

Don't remove the silver backing of the patch just yet. Ink of pens seem to interact as a bond with cement acting as a seal. In a dry run  line the patch so the hole is right in the center and trace an outline. The resulting  template insures you can see what you're doing aiming the patch so the hole is dead centre when your ready for the cement process.

With a scrapper such as a cheese grater like scrapper provided in the repair kit or some sand paper scrap the surface of the template cleaned to a dull mat finish. Now your a ready to apply the cement.

If you're using a brand new kit, unscrew the cap. In the top is a little pin. Turn over and pierce the silver seal. Don't empty the container or you will end up purring a messy glob. Squeeze a glob right on the center of the ink circle.

Spread the rubber of the tube to widen the hole letting the cement drain into it to help plug it. Screw the cap back on the container using it to spread the wet cement covering beyond the perimeter of the template.

Don't spread a thin layer or you will have a puncture reaper failure problem the patch won't stick. Spread the past spreading a layer from the center. To help cover your bases of the edge of the patch spread outwards over the template outline. Make sure you allow the cement to dry sticky. Now you can tear off the silver backing of the patch.

It is not really necessary, but a helpful option to spread some cement on the underside and edges of the patch to insure you have covered your bases. Let both the patch and inner tube dry tacky. When sticky enough it is like sticky tape.

Eye up a line of site the center pen mark circle to the center of the patch and press on.  You will only have one shot at this because the cement will stick fast.

Watch your eye angle coordination is squaring the patch exactly to the perimeter of the template. Use a round edge of your pen smoothing round the edges. Don't Concentrate so much on the center but the edges of the patch. Now the the inner tube can be reassembled back into the tire and rim.

Prime numbers

Take the numbers 1, 3,  5, 7 and 9  leaving the remaining numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. We can arrange theses in a column of the uneven numbers on the left and a column of even numbers on the right rather like street address arrangements even numbers on one side and uneven numbers on the other.

Left side of the street 1,  3,  5,  7, and 9, and on the other side,  2,  4,  6,  8,  and 10 respectively.

Primes are the uneven numbers of the street and the even numbers called composites on the other. They always divide with fractions remaining with the exception of 1,   2 and 9.

Checking our arithmetic 1 divided by 1 is asking ourselves how many 1's go into 1. Our mathematical instinct agrees of course there is 1-  1 in 1.  2 divided by 1 is dividing 2 in half, which of course is 1 that has no fractions over. But 9 is different.  9 divided by 3 is 3 with no fractions.

Our mathematical instinct agrees 9 can't be a prime because  of course 3-  3's are 9. This makes 1 seem like a prime and a mathematical check tells us  2 divided by any other number than 1 has fractions remaining a prime and  9 is definitely not a prime. In a true sense prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, and 7.

The two columns with the exception of 1,  2,  and 9 make it clear all the numbers of the left column cannot be divided evenly. There will always be fractions remaining. If we are curious enough we learn our mathematical instinct asks us how many 4's go into 5. It will agree of course there is only one 4 with  a 1 over. 5 is an example of a prime.

No mater what number the left uneven column ( or the prime number side of your neighbourhood  street numbers except of course 1,  2  and 9 if you like ) always has a fraction remaining. Some of us would prefer to include 1 as a prime because it is noted when 1 dividing any number ends up with a fraction over. Others disagree because it is noted if we ask ourselves how many 1's go into 1 of course there is only 1-  1 in 1.

Our mathematical instinct agrees there is 1-  1 in 1 and 4- 1's in 4 and so on. It there are 9-  1's in 9 and 1-  9  in 9 respectively. Our mathematical instinct observes there is a dominating facture 1.

Primes ( of course with the exception of 1, 2, and 9 ) can be double, triple, 4-  5,  to as many big number digit we like. We see 11, 13,  15,  17  and 19 can't be divided evenly just as 21, 23, 25, 23, 27 and 29.  3 digit numbers like, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, or 4 like 1001, 1003, 1005 are primes.

Primes can be any number of digits long. There is so many there are literally an infinite number of to account for. A mathematical sequence only involving primes can be a part of computer encryption. But a good computer encryption includes up to 6 digit or more number long mixture of letters and common computer keyboard symbols.( 6#37R&........ password respectively ).

If we check our math's 10 divided in half is dividing by 2 ( a composite divided by a prime ) giving a prime 5. That is far as we can dived evenly. Dividing in half again  results in 2 and a half equal to a quarter of 10  which is just as we divided 10 by 4 resulting in composite divided by a composite. Note in typical  children's time tables every answer column are composites The law of mathematics don't allow any primes.

Finding primes are in any number are called prime factors. Take 30 for example. 30 divided in half ( by 2 ) is 15. If we apply the laws of mathematics 3-   5's are 15,  15 is a  prime factor. Adding 15  together is 30 that equals to  6-   5's are 30,   5- 6's is 30.  30 divided by 5 is 6 and 30 divided by 6 equals 5 respectively. Mathematics can't lie you know.

We can ask ourselves how many 5's go into 30-  5 being a prime is the prime factor. If we divide the composite 6 in half  gives us 3 a prime. In other words  3 and 5 are  prime factors of 2-   3's  are 6. By breaking down any large number like that we can find many of prime factors like 5-  3's are 15  and if we double 15 ( times 2 a composite ) is 30, 15 and and 3  are the prime factors of 30 Respectively.

Operating on the principle we can deduce an infinite number of prime factors out of 100's, 1,000's , millions, billions even tens of 1,000's of billion digit long numbers. We can abstract prime factures from light speed which is just under a number of 300 thousand kilometers per second  or in terms of kmph 10 thousand and 80 million kmph velocity number of digits long number if you like.

Newton's laws of force and motion in out of space

Newtown's first law is a two part sentence. The first half appliers to a stationary body such as the surface of planets that states an object at rest tends to stay at rest indefinitely. They only move when an external force is applied.

Otherwise the second half applies to bodies traveling in space, meaning everything from galaxies to specs of dust. Text books and web page confirm our sun, earth and moon as with the planets in our solar system confirm velocities are coasting speed limits faster than bullets. They don't go any faster.

Before the 1920's the universe was thought of as a fixed constant gravity of the universe holding it all together. Observations showed closer blue stars where closer while more distance stars red. Attention was suddenly focused on blue stars shifting to redy colors. This was clear evidence blue stars were moving away.

Not only that to their astronomers surprise math's doesn't support the fixed constant. The number crunching showed there was not enough gravity in the universe. ( Including all allowing for black holes ). According to the numbers the entire gravity of the universe isn't enough to hold the universe together. The universe isn't coasting at a fixed speed. Red shift and the math's convinced astronomers the universe is accelerating.

It is assumed the observed increasing speed must be somthing to do with a presence of some sort of energy pulling on the universe that means galaxies have accelerating escape velocities greater than the combined gravity of the whole universe. Astronomers emit to a mysterious force they know nothing about calling it a dark energy pulling the galaxies apart against the pull of gravity.

Never the less when we launch an object from a space station hatch it will accelerate in the first second. Once it reaches a certain speed it stops accelerating to a constant. In out of space faster than bullets. In other words the acceleration is terminated to a maximum coasting speed limit expressed as a terminal velocity. Bodies in space coast at a maximum terminal velocity speed limit. Some people may argue a legitimate point could be accelerating with the expanding universe.

The universe may have never had stopped expanding since the big bang that has supposed to have created the universe including the coasting and even light itself has to be increasing speed by dark energy.

Other wise we can think of the expanding universe like a run away freight train under power with no brakes. Once maximum speed is reached it slowly creeps faster and faster in time. Never the less Newton's second half of the first law applies to out of space bodies from galaxies to specks of dust. If out a space was known as we know it today at the time Newton would have probably proposed 4 laws one of which would have been a coaster law.

It would have stated bodies in motion in a vacuum has a maximum speed limit where they can't go any faster. Obviously since light doesn't coast any faster then just under three hundred thousand kilometers per second obeys the second half of Newtown's first law of motion. In other words light in a zero resistance environment continues to coast at it's top speed limit. The total gravity of the universe may be responsible for it's maximum speed it can coast at.

Albert Einstein's paper headed on the electrodynamics of moving bodies -known today as the special theory of relativity- confirms light is bent by the dynamics of it's velocity. During the second year of world war one he published a paper the general theory on similar lines gravity is nothing more than space distorted by the mass of stars and planets bending light and slowing it down.

It is now text book gravity ( or Einstein's distortion of space ) slows light and time by the distortion of space a reflection of the maximum coasting speed limit of light.

Newton's second law expresses this as a body resists change in motion the property of matter called inertia expressing limiting to the maximum speed limit that can't go any faster what laypeople express as G's. Einstein's special theory tells us moving bodies expresses G's as a gravitation equivalent weighing it down to a terminal velocity.

A classic example analogy is a Roller Coaster ride. We experience a few kilograms of weight pulling us back into our seats during acceleration to it's maximum speed. Hitting those tight bends and curves without slowing down we feel heavier than normal. It is obeying Newtown first law bodies tend to move in a straight line. The weight we feel is the cars energy trying send it in a straight line but forced to curve at high speed.

If Einstein was alive today he would agree NASA using aircraft training austronuaghts in weightlessness is in a effect of velocity producing antigravity. If the plane nose dives fast enough the austronuaghts lift off the fuselage floor frolicking about in weightless fun. In effect the earth's gravity is canceled inside the fuselage

The reverse is true. If the plane climbs fast enough the austronuaghts will also experience the antigravity effects of the plane. Einstein stated clearly in his special theory motion cancels gravity. We all know the faster we go in a straight line the more G's we experience makes us heavier and heavier.

Einstein expressed the G's at light speed as infinite. But considering the maximum speed limit the G's can also be equally limited to it.

Gravity is a force. The next time you are at a supermarket weigh a packet of wheat, tea, or sugar anything labeled as net 1kg.

According to Newton you experience the earth's mass pulling it to the floor. According to Einstein the distortion of space. If the supermarket scale was calibrated with the scientific term in Newtown's as well the 1kg marker will equal 9.8N marker. It is the scientific unit of the force of the earth's gravity pulling the 1kg mass the scale reads. Scale are properly celebrated will be accurate enough despite the extra weight of the pan. In other words feeling the Wight of a 1kg packet of sugar is the force of the earth's pulled to the floor action of 9.8N.

Everybody weighs differently. One G is the force of the earth's gravity we normally experience relative to we feel we normally. If we experience 2G's on a roller coaster we all feel as if we are twice as heavy as we normally. If we feel three times as heavy is 3G's respectively. 

If everybody experience 4G's we feel 4 times as heavy the maximum for Roller coaster safety limit. Any more we will feel more than just the entertainment stress. Above that even resting we'd would experience a hard and painful panting like a non stop marathon on our hearts. Coming to a stop from 100's of kmph ( or mph if like ) in less than a couple of seconds be as as much as 10G's and more.

In out of space everything is not only moving faster figures given by text books and web pages show faster than bullet velocities yet we don't feel like it. Lets assume we lunch ourselves out of a space station hatch for a space walk. We will experience only our normal body weight accelerating faster than a bullet. Try stepping out of a car traveling less than a kmph on the surface of earth at sea level.

Aircraft passengers will agree even when they know they are traveling at up to 600kmph an overcast cloud outside a window and bellow only appears to travel a couple of kmph relative to the 600kmph comparison.

You will observe this from a airport landings at a distance. We know planes can't fly less than stalling speed. Yet a far away distance planes can seem stationary. We can see for ourselves distance tends to distorts the reality of velocity. Distinct stars are so far away they appear stationary even though they are traveling the universe way, way faster than a bullet can fly on the surface of earth.

The second law is a reflection of the second half of his first law traveling bodies resists change in motion expressed as inertia. In the zero resistance of space terminal velocity is the effect of the faster a comet or a asteroid travels the more the G's pulls back on the comet in equal proportion. It becomes so over whelming ends up terminating the acceleration to a point it is too heavy to coast any faster. Text book and web pages speeds testify to that. 

Einstein working on what happens to matter on a light speed scale pointed out is infinite at the speed of light. Nothing we know of has a terminal velocity matching anywhere near the speed of light the famous nothing is faster than light speed.

Newton realized there is a force required to repel a velocity equals mass times acceleration. It equally applies in the stored force in the constant velocity. In other words the force in the G's at impact testify to that. Officially the unit is in Newton's. But considering celebrated to a supermarket scaling tell us equal to the force of gravity equal to a 1kg mass is known as kilograms-force shorthand notation kgf; kg ).

To make this clear if we drop a 1kg mass from the top floor of a tall sky scrapper it will accelerate a meter in a second reaching terminal velocity at a constant meter per second free fall all the way down the side of the building impacting with the immovable body of the earth in the form of the street bellow. If we do the math's on this a meter per second equals 3.6kmph terminal velocity. The law of terminal velocity tells us the earth's gravity ( or the distortion of space ) can not accelerate it any faster. Finally it is a 3.6kmph;1kg impact on the street bellow. In other words 9.8N equals a force of a 1kg 3.6kmph impact force.

If full of air will bounce severely. If solid will absorb the impact rather than bounce. The energy of the instant stop will travel though the mass for a second. The human body colliding with the street doesn't bounce but absorbs the energy though it. Everybody weighs different but there will only be a maximum terminal velocity of a heavy weight person will absorb the energy of a couple of 100kmph impact to the street.

The formulae requires us to know the mass of a body and the acceleration to project the force. What if we know the force and mass but don't know the acceleration or knowing the force and acceleration but not knowing the mass.

We can can multiply the known mass by the known acceleration ( 1kg or the weight of a human body ) as equally as well as turning the mass and acceleration figures round multiplying the known acceleration by the known mass. ( Force equals acceleration times mass and force equals mass times acceleration respectively ) The answers to the two equations will always be the same.

We can divide the known acceleration by the known force to get the unknown mass or divide the known force by the known mass to get the unknown acceleration respectively. The unknown force equals the known mass times the known acceleration. Mass is the force of the earth's gravity in terms of either Newtown's or kilograms. We know this because of the the 1kg equals 9.8N.

Our mathematical instinct aggress it is only a matter of converting from Newtown's to kilograms and kilograms to Newtown's knowing any value.

Related to science motor vehicle workshop manual weights and measures unit conversion tables either the front or back appendix pages covers everything you need from mass to pressure figures. A figure example of 50N of force resting in supermarket scale celebrated to kg is a rest mass of 50kg. But in motion Newtown's force equals mass times acceleration will give a different result.

Acceleration is a number of meters per second every second ( expressed as per second per second ) identified in shorthand notation m for a meter a slash a little razed two just to the right of the slash. The force that accelerates bodies is torque such as the torque of an accelerating roller coaster. Looking up torque, acceleration and mass units calculators prove Newtown's second law the following.

We can calculate a torque ( force ) figure entering an acceleration - meters per per second per second figure- multiplied by a mass figure. It is also know in Newtown's. The workshop manual will tell you how to convert one to the other.

The same torque figure equals entering the same mass figure multiplied the same acceleration figure results in the same answer.  In the other words torque equals mass times acceleration or acceleration times mass.

The same acceleration figure equals entering the torque figure divided by the same mass figure

0r the same mass figure equals entering the same torque figure divided by the same acceleration figure respectively.

Newtown's third law tells us a body at rest on the surface of earth has an energy. Your computer for example at rest has the energy in it's  weight ( technically the force of the earth mass pulling on it ) to collapse a flimsy cardboard box.  We can feel the energy of a heavy objects resting on us and so on.

The earth's motion pushes back on the desk and on your computer in this case every millimeter the circumference of the earth. In other words the direct statement of Newton's third law tells us where there is a force ( such as gravity in this case on a stationary object ), there is a equal and opposite force pushing back.

In the case of motion the third law applies to collisions. The inertia in the G's resists the stopping power of the stationary body. The the colliding velocities destroys the bodies smashing them to smithereens scattering the remains in all directions like a pair of colliding asteroids in space or deflect each other in different directions like a billiard ball slamming the another. Mathematics is capable of tracing the scattering of each piece in the angles deflected used by computer software programs

Slow motion cameras supply the data in the image of the scattering debris converting to lines using trigonometry math's tracking the trajectory angles of the pieces. The roots of trigonometry is two dimension but computers create 3-D models from the same principles.

Pythagoras theorem

 

You have your mathematical instinct. All you will need is your operating system's paint or image editor program, calculator and a geometry set.

In the line drawing mode select the right angle triangle from the shapes menu. Using your mouse, ( or the touch screen )  the software will allow you to drag a copy into the canvas. The program allows to adjust any size you like. Holding down the mouse button and dragging round the canvas or the touch  screen illustrates the various options of the triangle can be, from tall, wide, top, bottom, left or right pointing options.

Set the vertical and horizontal lines equal lengths.

Using the insert text click opaque and type in the center of the angled line the letter h for hypotenuse.

 Do the same with  the vertical side, typing o for the opposite side and in the horizontal line a for the adjacent side.

With a ruler measure each line using insert text type a list under the illustration o equals ( o = ) a equals ( a = ) and h equals the measurements you recorded each line. This is for safekeeping.

Note multiplying numbers by themselves are called squares. The shorthand arithmetic notation is a little razed 2 just to the right of the number. The next step involves a squaring processes on each measurement you recorded. Unless you have a genus memory we need to write results down for safe keeping.

Using insert text type in a reserved space o squared equals the recorded measurement , a squared equals the recorded measurement and h squared equals the recorded measurement respectively. Make another list, but this one a squared equals, o squared equals and h squared equals respectively.

Now add them typing in the total addition equals, recording down for safe keeping.

The law of mathematics tells us if we divide the total by itself we will get the root of the square called the square root. Calculators have a tick like key in the key pads. Enter the total of the addition pressing the square root key.

When you come to measure the h line with a ruler it will agree with the calculator.

In mathematical syntax expression h equals the square root of a squared plus o squared.

Turning your attention to the geometry kit use a full circle or better if a half circle protractor lining up the vertical line (  the 90 degree centre of the protractor line ) with the vertical  line of the triangle and the horizontal line of the protractor with the horizontal line of the triangle. Mathematics tells us horizontal lines are not angles. The protractor agrees a is 0 degrees , o a 90 degree angle and measures the angle of h.

If the o and a lines are equal the protractor will agree h equals half of  90 degrees ( a 45  degree angle ). Because of the effects of changing the triangle effects the text  so fresh diagrams may be required. Operating on the principle you can apply the latter to many different wide or tall triangles. Applying the Pythagoras theorem agrees it can be applied to a infinite number of right angle triangle options.,

The theorem allows us to to use the square root calculate the length of the h line. To put into perspective using numbers suppose 3 ( representing units in centimeters or inches if you like ) for a and 4 for o. Your mathematical instinct agrees a is three 3's is 9 and o is four 4's is 16.

We have a equals 9 and o equals 16. Then 16 plus 9 equals 25. The square root of 25 is 5. This is the famous 3-4-5, c squared equals a squared plus b squared formulae. Thus h ( c or h if you like ) equals 5. The square root of 25 projects c as 5. In other words c squared equals the square root of a squared plus b squared. If you draw up a triangle 3 centimeters ( or in inches if you like ) for a and 4 for o checking with your ruler ruler will agree c equals o plus 1. The law of mathematics tells us h minus 1 equals o.

If we use double 3 to 6 for a and double 4 to 8 for b 6 squared plus 8 squared equals 100. Of course when we square root it equals 10. When you measure a 6 centimeter high by 8 centimeter long right angle h line will agree. Your mathematical instinct spots an interesting paten the triangle is exactly a scaled double the size of the 3-4-5 triangle.

Other examples include a 5 centimeter tall and 12 centimeter long right angle expressed as 5-12-13. Five 5's is 25. Twelve 12's is a144. A 144 plus 25 is a 169. The square root of 169 is 13. Our mathematical instinct spots an interesting coincidence where h happens to equals 12 plus 1 and 12 equals h minus 1 respectively.

You will find there are a infinite number of examples.

We can apply the theorem  to a flag pole. Fine days cast's a shadow. The protractor aggress with mathematics telling us the vertical up right angle of the pole is a 90 degree angle while math's tells us the shadow as in all horizontal lines is not an angle, thus a 0 degree, and an imaginary line at the tip of the shadow straight up to the top of the pole the hypotenuse line.

The same triangle theme of a board leaning against a wall in this case the wall a, the floor at right angles to it o and the board represents h.

The flag pull is the tall of a right angle and the shadow the length. The pole's shadows is the shortest in the early morning, the longest midday and late afternoon shrunk back to the shortest an example of the infinite variations to the right angle. Thus as the shadow varies the length at different times of the day thus varying the angle of h. If a pole is telescoped it to effects o and h. This can be equally applied to a tall buildings and engineering right angle braces such as supporting beams of bridges and other structures. Right angle triangle braces are commonly seen in right angle truck chassis beams.

When the shadow of flag poles equals the total length of the pole the h angle is half of 90 degrees. If the shadow is shorter changes the angle. can check adjusting a simple triangle uneven 0 and a measuring h with a protractor.

Your mathematical instinct easily spots a pattern protractors confirming vertical lines are always 90 degrees and the horizontal lines not angles ( 0 degrees ) both left and right of the vertical line reference. Your instinct will recognizes two 90's equals a 180 degrees a half circle. It will recognize two more 90 degree right angles that pans out to four 90 degrees equals a full 360 degrees circle. It easily spots a pattern of  90 degrees is a 1/4 circle, plus 90 equals 180 a 1/2 circle plus another 90 degrees 270 degrees 3/4 circle, plus another 90 degrees a full 360 degree circle.

To proves this draw in a circle

Now draw a horizon through the center. This is the a line dividing the circle clean in half horizontally.

Draw in a vehicle line right down the center. This is 0 dividing the circle in half vertically

Your mathematical instinct easily spots a symmetry paten in two dimensional form o and a forms a cross in the circle forming equal upper left and right and lower right and left pointing corner right angle triangles. When h lines are dawn in concentrating where o and a lines intersect in the center of the circle your instinct should spot straight away an upper left and right and lower right and left pointing total of 4 ( equal later rule ) Equilateral triangles.

When you draw a vertical line thought the center of an equilateral triangle dividing it in half you will observe back to back right angle triangle.

The question is which are they right angles or equilateral? Your mathematical instinct will recognize can be both which ever point of view you work from. The illustration shows proof equals a right triangle when you test with the Pythagoras theorem formula can be applied to equilateral triangles.

If you divide o by h and take a protractor reading of h aggress called a sine angle. If you divide a by o by h is a cosine and if you divide o by a is a tangent angle. We have three angle equations, sine equals o over h, ( sine= a/h ), cosine equals o over h ( cos = o/h ) and tangent equals o over a ( tan = o/a ) respectively. You will note in scientific calculators sin, cos, and cosine keys.

Operating on the principle we can apply the law of mathematics we can apply arithmetic instead of checking with a protractor the formulas h times a equals the tan angle of the h line. h times o equals a sine of  and a times o equals the cosine of h.

The angles applies to navigation called a vector. In this case the right angle o line is a normally referenced as the north and south line ( n and s ) with arrow heads in each line showing direction of travel. The a line is automatically set east and west direction. ( e and w ). The angle arithmetic needs two known reference values. Any two the other can be found. Reference numbers for any of the the lines the third unknown can be projected. The letters a, b, c and x, y, and z is very common in in text books.

The h line expressed air current off setting airplane and water current on boats tending to drift off course. For example a swimmer crossing diagonally across a river is curried down street by a current ending up on the opposite bank further down stream. The h angle tells us how much by. Similarly wind drifting aircraft.

Distance units ( kilometers or miles if you like ) an a the length of time to cover the length of o ( hours units for example ) are number substitutes for o and a. Knowing o and a the angle h angle can be projected though the angles formulae. Vice versa knowing h and a, o can be projected just as knowing o and h. Algebra is a branch of a branch of mathematics that teaches us how manipulate the laws of mathematics using letters and symbols with out numbers applies to the right angle triangle calculations.

When you manipulate the triangle in your image editor you can visually see how this is done adjusting the angle of h. Your computer is calculating is tracking and calculating your every movement as you go as we do with the angles arithmetic.

The right angle triangle can narrow down pin pointing on maps expressed as triangulation. Reference two reference points are always required. Letters that look like English a, b, c and, x, y, z ( actually Greek letters ) are markers or coordinates at the tip of each corner of the triangle. The triangle is squared in to a square where the tracking object is somewhere inside that square.

Your image editor program will demonstrate this called vector graphics.

Draw a square.

Now draw in h ( a line from the top left or right corner or the top left down to the opposite bottom corner. Your mathematical instinct will recognize back to back right angle triangles.

By adjusting the h line making the line longer of shorter you're computer calculates the other four edges in equal proportion. If you double the h line the whole square is double the size proportionately.

If you half it the whole square is reduced in size proportionally.

We can apply percentage arithmetic on the h line calculating the percentage smaller or larger by lengthening or shortening with a reference percent number for the h line will automatically set the whole square proportionally. Checking all 4 lines of the square with your ruler will agree.

As you enlarge the right and triangle becomes clear. You mathematical instinct recognizes you can use the principle with just a right and triangle applying all the angle and Pythagoras theorem formulae guided by the laws of Algebra.

Once there was a TV news article about a seminar man teaching men how to pick up woman, a very countervail article. It's hard to imagine seminars for woman how to get your man. Teaching men how to pick up woman  is really a psychology of how to get a strange woman to flirt with them going trust allowing the women to be picked up.

Critics were many, sceptical of the conduct, particularly  woman critics who were not impressed at all. What is the psychology of the dating game anyway? It boils down to the basic reproductive instinct inherited in our genes all the way back millions of years of human evolution. It is dramatically different in the modem world. We are the only species to make reproduction so such of a complex issue.

Mankind has developed complicated strict set rules of sexual conduct in our society where families often impose on their house pets on heat. They tend make out right under our noses in full view of everybody as if a normal thing. In contrast we have a complicated caring idea to our system and feelings about razing children. In contrast our house pets seem have no such issues. When on heat we'd think the females don't seem have any idea of a rape concept.

Our matting instinct has evolved into loss of on heat into a picky choose game who we matt with. You only need to ask yourself  your preferences and how you feel about razing children. Our house pets on heat don't seem to have any considerations like ours. We seem to be controlled by who we are attracted to and not attracted too instincts. A modem trend that comes to mind is speed dating.

In the western world at lest both sexes are strangers playing the same game. The stranger men play musical chairs with the stranger girls tables with only a couple of minutes to get to know each other before they have to change tables again. Every stranger gets the chance to meet a new stranger. We are so complicated in our picking and choosing strangers we are comfortable and not comfortable with. Because of the limited time at each table the strangers are all compelled to start a two way conversation as quick as possible before they it is time for the men of move on to the next table. It is not a practice our house pets do when on heat.

It is a psychology issue these days than an instinctive duty we have lost in the eons of the millions of years we evolved on this planet. If anything psychologists on the issue of picking up woman game a text book issue entitled the psychology of meeting strangers, a sub tilted what goes on in the sexes brains would be interesting reading to some. We are such a complicated species others would be complete skeptics there is more to life than that spouting the rules and ethics involved.

What causes men to practice picking up woman? What causes some women to be comfortable with speed dating clubs, hang out in pick up bars and pubs, stripers and prostitutes? What makes others feel  very uncomfortable about that sort of thing? There is no general rule for everybody. There seems to be everybody's different issue involved.

Over the millions of years of matting evolution we have lost the old on for males and on heat signals from the females. Since when is there session on heat for humans in general theses days? We have evolved a psychological control of our sexual conduct. We all have issues on what we are attracted to and put off our house pets when on heat doesn't seem to have.

The psychology of speed dating for women who play the game when it comes to all those strange men fears are dampened to somewhat relative trust knowing the purpose of being there specially when knowing everybody else knows what they are all there for anyway. On top of that under the protective protocol umbrella of the club. Bouncers in view security will is a help feel secure if their any problems.

In five minutes everyone has to communicate in a two way conversation and be on their best polite behavior before the men have to change tables. Likewise helps men's confidence they don't have to fear rude rebuff's from the women. Men who attend seminar training on how to meet women will be able to do well.

In this type of situation the fear of awkward rebuff's is virtually illuminated. In pick up bars men on their own is a different. If their are successful one night stands are couples who don't care about each but have to be on the same wavelengths of what they are after. A extreme theme is to and fro proportion conversation between a prostate and her prospective trick. Sometimes criminal conduct picking up men freely can be a man trap with criminal intentions. Other situations can be human science testing research we often see on video TV current affair or articles on the subject.

For obvious reasons nobody in informal speed dating is allowed to attend if they have had a few. Under the influence we make the same mistake over and over again. In a free flowing alcohol pick up bar practically anything can happen, and commonly does.

What would a man give to hit it off with a stranger woman like James Bond did with woman he only meat in a moment ago in his movies. It only happens between strangers by love story authors and Hollywood script writers. Can happen in the real world but never like the two way flirting echo exchange script writers put into the shows.

Internet dating is less of a challenge than live speed dating because we are picking and choosing profiles hiding behind the cover of our computers. Adds in papers with just a simple polite sentence often did the trick. Imagine the same with no profile on the internet. 

Seminar speakers teaching audiences how to pick up woman should know by now they are teaching their students skills of two strangers meeting each other for the first time turning the strange woman round to trust enough to flirt back. It is all about the psychology of meeting strangers equally implacable to business wheeling and dealing and sales people. Image a title written by a psychologist main title the psychology of meeting stringers including sub titles of what goes on in our brains. It all boils down to how the human brain is turning over all the time working on the member of the opposite for the first time.

Picking up strangers in bars and pubs on a man's own is the hardest art to follow. James Bond script writers carefully avoided corny conversation openers writing in the situation in a few visual minutes of bonds powers of observation before he made his move. We all know the James Bond look and study when spotting a beautiful woman. Of course the movie situation is all planed. Never the less Bond was a class act at it.

The human brain both male and female can tell when it hears corny and pathetic conversation openers. Out brain is instantaneous. After all the gaps between the firing cells are a couple of hundred times as small as than a human hair with a electric charge on a light speed scale crossing the gaps millions of cells millions of times per second. The brain processes information to our thoughts and we think from there thoughts less than a second. Success can sometimes be an illusion. 

There are accessions woman overlook a man's corny behavior humoring him like the woman often did flirting back with James bond in his movies they just met. In the case of the movies of course written by the movie script writers. In real live there can be criminal agendas or otherwise.

In the latter years of Bond's movies the scrip writers decided it was time he was rebuffed from time to time. They wrote in cool calm and collected responses. Keeping cool with rude rebuffs especially blunt embarrassing ones can have a profound effect on confidences men. Taking rebuff so seriously. Keeping calm has a profound influence on our brains controlling our hormones. When we are cool with any rebuff our brain response has clear insights. We only need to be reminded of how Bond behaved when he was rebuffed using that as a guide for ourselves.

Terrified of rebuff's can have consequences if men tend to take personally. It can eat up men with jealousy. Upset and angry can lash out making things worse. Our brain is sensitive in recognizing a one way communication as a strong rebuff message. In other words the one way conversation is interoperated as a get lost I can't stand you to our brain. Some men back off immediately vowing never to make the mistake of talking to that woman ever again. Feelings will never be the same again. To many rebuff's like that can make a man quite bitter towards woman. It's often a motive in strong sex drives turning towards rape responses.

Psychologists are professionals to write a tilled how to met strangers or a title the psychology of meeting strangers. A book or video about what happens to us when communicating with someone we have just introduced ourselves to seconds we meet for the first time. Meeting strangers introduced in behalf of another is easy compared to picking them up with the intentions of getting them to flirt with on our own. 

Mistrust and suspicions is at it's highest level we all should be aware of when a man expects strange woman to flirt back. A man or woman attempting this sort of thing on their own in clubs and bars will raise all sorts of suspicions from a under cover cop sting even an extreme case a suspecting a serial rapist on the prowl.

A video, seminar or book on what happens to our brains when we are introduced from a stranger would be an idea manual for sales people as they are constantly dealing with clients browsing on their own in a premises like a used car yards and retailer shops.

There are books available with this approach can be useful are body language books found in the social sciences racks at any local libraries used as a tool in how to be aware of  stranger reactions and the habits in our body langue reactions that often gives ourselves away. There are lots of examples we can use as exercises in the images and text illustrious as if strangers meet for the first time during introductions and special insights attempting to pick them up on your own. 

There is two magic words that everybody should get into the habit of talking to ourselves constantly about the advantages of not panicking. James Bond keeping cool calm a collected with woman rebuffs was often impressive. It will leave a mark on any stranger in the real world. Any body language book illustration we can look to how Bond would behave in response we see of the images given introduced or picking up on his own.

The movie script writers wrote in their scripts he kept an eye on the body language reaction to strangers in his presence we don't have the advantage of unless we have done that sort of thing hundreds and thousands of times before ourselves. If we keep cool calm and collected our own brain is quick to recommend what not to do as well as spotting cues that tells us to beware clues when to back off or to make a move and how. 

CSI teams are trained examples to look for hiding evidence. They don't know what they are looking but searching anyway they are looking on the basis they will know when they spot somthing of interest is a good example source of spotting clues in strangers. Looking for clues is always discrete specially attempting to pick up on your own if not we are guarantied to get a very bad impression the second they spot you observing them.

A simple xhtml stylesheet template

Below is a basic skeleton of html 4's  xhtml's  Cascading Style Sheet ( CSS ). It consists of  html, head style type, a p ( paragraph ) next to paralyses, body and the p between inward pointing brackets. It is quick and simple template anybody can mark up in a note pad in less than a few minutes.
<html>
< head>
< style type="text/css">
p   {   }
< /style>
< body>
< p>Paragraph</p>
< /body>
< /html>
Note the right leaning slashes. An important rule tells us anything typed inside any of the outward pointing brackets and the paralyses are not displayed. The only things that are, outside and between the inward pointing brackets as shown by the paragraph tags in the body section. The template begins with an html declaration begins body, begins style type, ends style, begins body, begins paragraph ends paragraph, ends body and ends html and so on.
The style type is a declaration of an embedded style sheet. With out it browsers ignore all formatting. An option the old style html 4 in line style using CSS formatting inside the paragraph brackets on the right of the letter called in line.  Another option is a link to a separate a note pad where  the same formatting format formats dozens pages all the same time called external style sheets. In the eternal type embedded declaration is replaced with a link declaration like this <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="Stylesheet.ccs.txt"> The name of the note pad is named Styleheet.CSS.txt.
Formatting and layout is inserted between the paralyses (   {  }  )  in the  head section and the display element inserted between outward pointing brackets inserted bellow body in the body section. If formatting and layout doesn't work properly examining your code you will find layout attributes brackets typed in wrong places, a right or left pointing bracket or a couple of slashes where they should not be. So long as the slashes are all in the right places and nothing between the inward pointing brackets other than the paragraph brackets displays no messy layout.
The paralyses formats the displayed element in the body. These can be  done separately at anytime. Following the rule of thumb about avoiding the slashes in the wrong places and outside the brackets or between the inward pointers we can type text between the inward pointing brackets of the paragraph elements. Note if formatting doesn't work properly the paralyses have probably been confused because they  look the same as the braces ( ) during typing. If formatting doesn't work properly check they are the proper paralyses.
The best part about our operating system's both old and latest is their cut, copy and past system's cutting time typing html scripts. We can  learn how to write any scripted by creating a folder saved anywhere we like in our file collection named HTML templates. We can create another folder inside it named CSS. The operating system note pad can be saved in the CSS folder named template. Turning your attention to the basic skeleton we can past a copy to the clipboard and past into the open note pad and save.We can create a copy by copying the same note pad into the same folder. Operating system's rename copy off the same name. The copy can be converted to a web page just by renaming the note pad copy file extension to html. We could rename the web page copy. The create thing about our operating systems we can past as many copies we like even in the same folder. When you open the web page only anything typed between the left pointing brackets will be displayed. If you manually typed and shows a messy display is a sign you typed the right leaning slashes in wrong places and the text inside the wrong pointing brackets. Examine the html you will find places where where should not have been or if missing where it should have been in the scripted.
Your operating system allows you to edit the page. If open, close and right click the icon. When the properties dialogue box displays click view source and start correcting any mistakes or developed the page layout inside the inward pointing brackets. If your operating system doesn't allow you to, in the dialogue box click open open with. If an option tick box displays click out the tick will turn on the right fly out menu where you will have options to open the file with you can develop the page. Clicking note pad the web page file will open in the note pad where you can carry out editing or correcting typos, changes and developing the page. When you save will revert back to the web page icon. When you open the file you will observe the changes.

The formatting attributes. 

Notice the dash, semicolon and colon positions. There is a alternating colon ( : ) and semicolon ( ; ) paten always in relation with the dash. These elements are typed in line between the paralyses separated by each alternating colon or semicolon paten. If formatting doesn't work properly check the paralyses rules
The font family was designed for web masters to cover their bases with different letter styling browsers find in visitors computer font files. If one style is not available the browser can use the nearest a option. The Font names are typed in following the colon and semicolon rule
Pt is point the number between colon and letters
Font weight is bold, italic underline ect
CSS recognize the names of colors
px is the pixel elements that make up computer monitor screens. In the case of text display the space between words is one pixel. 
:font-family;
:font-size: pt;
:font-weight;
:font-color
:text-align;
:background-color;
:word-spacing: px;
:letter-spacing: px;
:line-height: px

The layout attributes

HTML 5's new page layout elements includes a navigation attribute ( nav ) top menu bar option. The header attribute is the displayed banner artwork bar.  Aside is the left or right link navigation boxes. The section is the main box, the footer attribute bar is used as foot notes and other miscellaneous and article if for any syndication information option These attributes go in the head section.
:padding: px
:padding-top: px
:padding-bottom: px
:padding-left: px
:padding-right: px
:margin: px
:margin-top: px
:margin-bottom: px
:margin-left: px
:margin-right: px
:border-width: px'
:border-height: px
:border-color
:border-style:
Here is a example of a set up. You can modify with your own colors, sizes, and font styles by deleting and inserting your own. The same with the headings and paragraphs.
<html>
< head>
< style type="text/css">
h1 { color:black;font:21pt arial black;text-align:center;letter-spacing:25px }
H2 { color:black;font:18pt arial black;text-align:center }
h3 { margin-left:50px }
p { color:black;font:12pt arial;margin-left:75px;margin-right:75px }
< /style>
< /head>
< body>
< h1>Title banner</h1>
< h2>heading</h2>
< h3>Sub heading</h3>
< p>First paragraph</p>
< p>second paragraph</p>
< p>third paragraph</p>
< p>fourth paragraph</p>
< p>fifth paragraph</p>
< p>sixth paragraph</p>
< h3>Sub heading</h3>
< p>First paragraph</p>
< p>second paragraph</p>
< p>third paragraph</p>
< p>fourth paragraph</p>
< p>fifth paragraph</p>
< p>sixth  paragraph</p>
< /body>
< /html>

Simplifying html tables

Just bellow is a sample of a basic skeleton of one of the oldest html script in html. It consists of the html, html, head, body, paragraph, table, table row and table data with paragraphs. No right leaning slashes told the old browsers to begin a new element and the slashes told then the end the elements. Make sure you understand well today's browser support issues if you have any problems.

The best part about operating system's both old and latest is their cut, copy and past system's we can cut time in typing tables. We can paste a folder naming it html templates saved anywhere we liked in our file collection. Turning your attention to the basic skeleton we can pasted it into our basic note pad. We can save the note pad in the folder naming it Master table sample.

We can past a copy of the same file in the same folder. Operating system's rename copy of the same name. This copy is converted to a web page just by renaming the note pad file extension to html. We could rename as web page copy. The great thing about our operating systems we can past as many copies we like even in the same folder. When you open the web page you will see the contents of the table data displayed on screen technically expressed as a cell. If you manually typed and shows a messy display is a sign you typed the right leaning slashes in wrong places and the text inside the outward pointing brackets.

Your operating system allows you to edit the page. If you are open, close and right click the icon. When the properties dialogue box displays click view source and start correcting any mistakes or developed the page layout inside the table data contents.

If your operating system doesn't allow you to, in the dialoguer box click open open with. If an option tick box displays clicking out the tick will turn on the right fly out menu where you will have options to open the file with you can resume developing the page.

Clicking note pad, the web page file will open in the note pad where you can carry out editing or correcting typos, changes and developing the page. When you save will revert back to the web page icon. When you open the file you will observe the changes.

When you open the web page you will note your operating system's browser filled in width and height details in the table and table data. It is an ideal model learning how the width and height elements work in html. It is handy in letting the browser fill in the details for you. In this way you don't have to worry so much about the width and height of the cells. If you change them the browser will only redo them according to fit to size math's every time you save.

Deleting the text inside the paragraph brackets you can type in your own paragraph. You can create as may as you like by creating  multiple empty duplets of or create a new paragraph as you type. With the start and end elements start new paragraph end paragraph

<html>
< head>
< body>
< p>This paragraph is outside the table cell</p>
< table>
< tr>
< td><p>his paragraph is inside the table cell</p></td>
< /tr>
< /table>
< /body>
< /head>
< /html>

As you type in the basic skeleton when you view the web page source showed as you typed in note pad expanded a left to right expansion of the cell determining the width of the whole table. There is no word wrap until a new paragraph. The length of the longest paragraph determines the total width. The number of paragraphs expands downwards determining the height.

Using the typical html element formatting, color, text, heading, bold, underline, strike though, text color, images left and right positioning are type inside the outward pointing tags a space on the left of the two letters in the table data. Understand this meathead should not be supported by modern browsers though called in line.

A simple modification of the basic skeleton creates a page of a open book. A duplicate of only the table data is copied in place. Displayed on screen will display right to left cells. A third copy the center table data with out paragraph tags provides a gap between them. Inserting a image attribute inside the outward pointing brackets on the right of the table data letters simulates a open book spine can add a finishing touch.

Web masters use blank table data's ( or empty cells ) to create margin effects using column and row span elements in this  next template. Make a master sample in another note pad naming it and saving in the same folder. Delete the contents in each table data ( or cell ) of your copy leaving them blank and type in your own contents in the page layout inside the table data. The same rules apply in formatting the table.

<html>
< body>
< hr>
< p>This paragraph is outside the table cell</p>
< table>
< tr>
< td rowspan="3">left margin</td>
< td>top margin</td>
< td rowspan="3">right margin</td>
< /tr>
< tr>
< td><p>Page layout</p></td>
< /tr>
< tr>
< td>bottom margin</td>
< /tr>
< /table>
< /body>
< /html
< /hr>

Here is another handy template that expends the layout the margins, a header, for titles and headings, footers used as footnotes, and a right and left navigation panes for links.

<html>
< body>
< hr>
< p>This paragraph is outside the table cell</p>
< table height="133">
< tr>
< td rowspan="3" width="50" height="129">left margin</td>
< td height="46">top margin</td>
< td rowspan="3" width="50" height="129">right margin</td>
< /tr>
< tr>
< td width="1000" height="21"><table height="133">
< tr>
< td rowspan="3" width="50" height="129">left navigation pane</td>
< td height="46">header</td>
< td rowspan="3" width="50" height="129">right navigation pane</td>
< /tr>
< tr>
< td width="1000" height="21"><p>Page layout</p></td>
< /tr>
< tr>
< td hieght=50" height="50">footer</td>
< /tr>
< /table>
< p>bottom margon</p></td>
< /tr>
< /table>
< /body>
< /html
< /hr>

The width, height and and rowspan elements are not displayed on screen because they are inside the outward pointing brackets. Formatting with color and images are the browsers layout instructions using the typical html formatting elements inside the outward pointing tags in the table data elements.