We all experience a pull back torque in every high speed acceleration. We commonly express this as G's of the accelerating body. Rolla Coaster accelerations are an example. We feel the equivalent of being weighed down by several kilograms (or pounds if you like) upon us. The acceleration torque force is in Newtown's.
There is a universe law that tells us everything has a maximum speed limit. Despite the zero resistance of space from a speck of dust to entire galaxies including light, all coast at maximum speed limit. Cosmologies belief the universe is accelerating aside, stars and galaxies don't travel any faster than their constant velocities.
On the surface of earth we feel acceleration as a positive G. An example of negative G when we feel the G's has stopped. What we feel is an uncontrolled weightlessness feeling.
This is because acceleration is terminated where everything just doesn't go any faster. We know this with cars. Despite peddle to the metal no car can go any faster than their maximum speed. They just can't go any faster. Since they can't go any faster terminated acceleration (in negative G) keeps the vehicle uncontrollably light weight. At the maximum speed limit the negative G's makes the vehicle so light it is hard to control.
Albert Einstein was the first person to recognize G in his special theory of relativity. The faster we accelerate the more we are pulled back. The speeding body terminates to a constant velocity of the negative G's.
NSA uses the maximum doping speed of aircraft to generate negative G's to train astronauts in the weightlessness of outer space Albert Einstein's special theory of reality predicted over a 100 years ago.
Once a plane reaches maximum free fall speed it doesn't drop any faster. Trainees lift off the fuselage floor frolicking about enjoying the uncontrollable weightlessness of the negative G fun. Fighter pilots often experience the same thing strapped in their seats. Einstein's special theory predicted this published in 1905. Maximum speed free fall of any plane matches the earth's gravity canceling itself out acting as an antigravity vehicle. When planes slow down to level out gravity returns to normal. Everybody falls to the floor by the return of normal gravity.
A body entering orbit of a planet increasing speed by the planets mass past escape velocity will sling shot away leave the planet in a new continues straight line coordinate for ever. Using this effect a gathering speed speed space craft circling the planet until escape velocity speed just the right place will send the it into any planed projectory we want.
Albert Einstein was the first scientist to describe G's in his special theory traveling on a light speed scale. The special theory predicts the physics of the artificial gravity of doughnut space stations. If spinning fast enough create a continues positive G providing gravity for the inhabitence
Constant velocity has energy. We know this in speeding impact. We feel it in what was stored in the speeding body called kinetic energy felt as negative G. We can take a lesson from the pulling power of the earth's mass on a 1kg mass.
When we hold a 1kg cheese over the ledge of the top floor of a tall of a 100 story sky scrapper we can feel the earths mass pulling on it. We are feeling first hand the force of the earth mass on a 1kg mass called potential energy.
When we let go the earth's mass snatches it accelerating to a meter the initial torque where acceleration is terminated to a constant velocity free fall. The 1kg packet drops all the way down the side of the building at terminal velocity impacting with the immovable body of the earth in the form of the street bellow. The packet has become considerably distorted from the impact of the kinetic energy released though it. Kinetic energy is in Joules.
The famous 16th century British scientist Isaac Newton describes the mass of bodies as attractive force we called gravity. If we do the math's on this the 1 meter per second terminal velocity is equivalent to the potential of 3.6kmph 1kg impact of energy stored in it during free fall. Force is in Newton's where the pulling force of the earth's mass pans out to 9.8N the unit of the pulling power of the earth's gravity.
Mathematics tells us force equals mass times acceleration. The laws of mathematics say the formulae pans out into 3 off shoot variants of the same sum.
One. Force equals acceleration times mass.
Two. Acceleration equals mass over force.
And three. Mass equals force over acceleration respectively.
This can be tested using the same numbers in every formulae
No matter which way we do the sum any 1kg mass is a meter per second fee fall velocity in the earth's gravity. If we do the math's on this in terms of kmph velocity pans out to 3.6kmph of potential kinetic energy impact force of 1 Joule.
If the mass was 2kg the earth mass will accelerate it to 4 meters in the same amount of time of a parallel falling 1kg terminating to a constant velocity of 4 meters every second. If 3Kg will accelerate to 9 meters in the same second to a terminal acceleration of 9 meters per second. If 4kg will accelerate 16 meters in the same second.
Our mathematical instinct agrees one 1's are 1. Two 2's are 4. Three 3's are 9. Four 4's are 16 and if 5kg, 5 fives are 25, or if 6kg six 6's, and so on. For example a free falling 3Kg mass pans out to 9 Joules or 6kg 36 joules of kinetic energy respectively.
In other words kinetic energy equals the square of the free falling mass. While the initial acceleration torque and impacting forces is in Newtown's the stored kinetic energy is in Joules. The pulling power of the earth's mass pans out to be a force of 9.8 Newtown's the unit of the earth's gravity.
A straight line motion bent into a circle is circular motion. We are all familiar with centrifugal force effects. The rotating forces we experience in merry-go- rounds is a good example.
Merry go round swings on the outer edge have more distance to travel than the inner ones. The force on the outer swings are trying to send them straight ahead force to go round. Because of the distance they have to travel round the circumference of the circle is where most the most force is concentrated.
The inner swings have less distance so there is less force. An experiment can be conducted with a loose object in the center of a spinning disk. Although precariously balance in the center maximum centrifugal force is always concentrated more at the outer edge. Marginal forces are always in the center. A pin pined right in the center will not be circulating but just spins on it's own axis. Some of us forget this when we they think of spinning black holes.
An argument says the center called the singularity has virtual no force were it is needed the most to break open an aperture here. This precedes the argument that reminds us the of force concentrated round the outer limits called the event horizon.
A further argument tells us it may not matter anyway as the centrifugal force stress on the event horizon could be enough to travel through safety skirting pass avoiding the immense gravitational pull of the singularity. Never the less there is still the argument of the limitation of maximum speed of light speed.
Our intuitive thinking tells us while the event horizon is spinning at light speed the singularity should spin faster than light. Never the less as some of us suggest the laws of physics as we know it break down inside black holes.
The hypothesis suggests if the event horizon is spinning at light speed singularities should be spinning faster than light. Or as quantum physics will agree both a hypnosis of this suggests the singularity and event horizon should spin at the same time either at event horizon speed or singularity speed. The law of physics as we no it braking down will argue there should be no reason why not there is infinite or no such thing as any velocity.
Then there is this intuitive argument if the infinite inward pull of a singularity would need an infinite centrifugal-force just to break it apart the finite value of light speed will not be able to supply.
Light travels in a straight line a constant distance of just under 300 thousand kilometers, (299 thousand 792 and 548 meters or a 186 thousand miles if you wish to be exact) by the time a second hand of clocks move every division. Because of the maximum speed limits of all things universe light doesn't travel the zero resistance of deep space the distance any faster than every tick. If we do the math's on this we can convert the per second term to kmph (or mph if you like) term.
If light accelerated it would be an acceleration of 0 to a distance of just less than 300 thousand kilometers in a second. It is equivalent of 7 times round the earth in that amount of time. We don't have to be Einstein's to realize the G's and air resistance we'd feel if we accelerated to that velocity in a second on the surface of earth.
Einstein was was inspired by a sudden thought of a person falling doesn't feel their weight. Skydivers leaping from a plane are snatched by the earth mass pulling power (gravity if you like) accelerating to maximum speed where the earth's mass can't pull any faster. Planes remain at a constant free falling weightlessness of negative G's. It is what makes sky diving so much fun. It takes an average person about a 120 meters (several sky scraper stories) in a few seconds of acceleration to reach negative G velocity.
Astronauts feel positive G's in accelerating rocket ship accelerating to the earth's escape velocity. They feel weighed down as if the earth's gravity was stronger. They feel the relief of weightless negative G when the rocket reaches the escape velocity. Both world wars and modern fighter pilots experience a similar effect in their violent combat maneuvers.
They experience changes in positive to negative G's and back in their high speed maneuvers we feel in the twist and turns of Roller coaster rides without slowing down. We all experience the positive G's of the the Rolla Coaster train at high speed twisting and turning stresses. We experience the negative G weightlessness at the peaks of every loop before switching to positive G's on accent.
World war two German stuka diver bomber crews experienced positive G's during accelerating runs before the plane couldn't accelerate any more. At this point the positive G shifted into the weightlessness of negative G at the moment of the maximum dive bombing speed before pulling out of the dive.
One of Isaac Newton's laws tells us all bodies travel in a straight line forever. Only an external force acting on it can change their direction. A classic example are asteroids. Once anything is lunched in the zero resistance of space they accelerate to a maximum coasting speed in a few seconds and stay at a constant costing speed in a straight line indefinitely. They just don't go an faster. Everything including planets, stars and galaxies are constantly coasting at their maximum velocities. and light is no exception.
We can safely say the maximum coasting speed of light in the zero resistance of any vacuum coasts just under 300 thousand kilometers per second. It just doesn't go an faster than that. It travels the distance ever time the second hand of a clock moves a division across the universe.
In effect Newtown's laws define despite the zero resistance of deep space all bodies obeys the same law coasting at their maximum speeds in a permanent state of a negative G environment. Only a gravitational pull and collision can change their speed and direction shifting into positive G's. Negative G's occur when anybody can't go any faster and light is know exception.
Fighter pilot maneuvers and we feel these same shifts in Rolla coasters hitting curves, twist and turns in the track without slowing down trying pull the train (or plane) straight ahead every twist and turn.
According to Newtown the mass of the Artic circle of the north poll is an attractive inward pulling force as much as the mass of Antarctica at the south pole is equally an inward pulling force.
According to Einstein the earth's mass bends space. If we think in terms of Newton gravity means
both poles are pulling space inwards towards the center of earth form opposite ends of the globe. Space is raped round the entire circumference like plastic shrink rap compressing an apple.
Einstein's general theory of relativity tells us as a result of this stretching, is a region of distorted space round the entire earth. According to this earth's atmosphere we breath, the oceans of the world, us and the crust we live on are all pressed hard on molten magma beneath our feet by this distorted space like plastic shrink rap squeezing pressure on a piece of food. The mass of your neighborhood is bending bending space in a inward pull force as much as the neighborhood on the other side of the world is.
The earth spins on it's axis at about a 30 degree angle. This puts the mass of the mass of the Artic circle at about an 11 o'clock and the mass of Antarctica about a 5 o'clock angle. The mass of both poles compress the earth's crust into a slight egg shape at the equator. Gravity is slightly different at the equator than the poles.
One G is a force of each pole mass pulling us to the surface hypothetically the level we experience our normal body weight. It is roughly the equivalent to a about kilogram of compression per cubic meter at sea level expressed as 9.8 Newtown's of force
Our sun provides the necessity for life on earth. But Hypothetically the earth's orbit round the sun and spin must have some stress on earth as a whole. According to Isaac Newton and Einstein space is pulled in by the mass of the earth compressing the the earth's atmosphere we breath, the oceans of the world and us and the crust compressing magma (the same molten material flowing on the surface we call lava) beneath our feet.
Despite the inward pull pressure of gravity the earth's atmosphere is in constant state of fluid motion. It has high and low pressure regions drifting about all over the world. High pressure is a state when pressure is relatively high tending to be highly stable weather. Wind virtually remain motionless.
The low pressure regions are a state of pressure drops dragging in surrounding moisture. The charging air is sucked in by the low pressure creating relatively unstable weather.
High and low pressure systems often run up against one another. High pressure tend to end up as low pressure blocking highs. Sometimes their is a stabilized blocking high pressure system remaining stationary where the low pressure keeps deepening resulting in a couple of days of lingering bad weather. High pressure regions move when low pressure boundaries erode the high pressure boundaries changing the high pressure. Humidity of the atmosphere is the result of heat from the sun.
A law of thermal dynamics tells us the heat we feel pumping up a tire that is already tight with a pump is not from friction you know. It is heat produced when we compress something already compressed. The more pressure squeezing an already compact material the hotter it becomes. Active volcanic crater lakes where Melton lave sloshes and boils are evidence magma is constantly boiling. Temperatures are comparable with the sun millions of degrees Fahrenheit hot enough for rock to be fluid enough to slosh about in waves.
According thermal dynamics tells us billons of tones per cubic kilometer of the earth's crust pressure keeps the magma constantly boiling. The earth is the only widely known planet in the solar system with a an extensive broken up crust floating like rafts on this boiling material.
Billons of tones of overriding plates push down on other plates into the magma in some places of the world. In other places grind past each other. Other parts of the world pull apart opposite directions.
Billions of tones of slowly overriding pressure boundary plates re-melt sold rock a couple of kilometers further down.
The boiling material is squeezed up by pressure of the relentlessly moving solid rock up fractures in the solid mantle. Under boiling pressure and the relentless squeezing pressure on the magma has nowhere else to to go is pushed up ascending like an elevator up the fissure exploding into various types of volcanic eruptions. These range from supper heated lava less gas explosions to fluid lava outburst.
Earthquakes can also occur when these boundaries slip, jerking forward and upwards over the overridden plate several meters. We feel a rippling of the solid crust and fluid magma like colliding railway box car ripples traveling though the media popping the surface as earthquakes. Under sea continental rises raze traveling water in the form of tidal wave avalanches inundating the coast.
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