Repearing bicycle flat tires, inner tubes

One of the major incontinences of cycling is flat break downs. Sudden and dramatic is a sign of a picked piece of glass, tax or a sliver of wire debris. These type of flats are easy fixed. But the most frustrating problem is a developing trend of a persistent going down tire that is hard to fix.

Budget bikes tend to be fitted with budget tires that tend to pick up a collection of tiny fragments embedding themselves in the tire. They remain there for weeks without a problem, notorious for puncturing the inner tube at a latter date. To keep costs down to a budget these haven't any anti-puncture technology expensive bikes are fitted with.

Examining the circumference sometimes we came across evidence we ran over tar or sticky gum that stuck a glob of tiny stones and glass fragments. The frustrating problem a recommence of the circumference of the tire revels nothing

It is likely a hidden piece of glass ( or stone ) pushed deeply almost hidden out of sight in the fabric of the tire where it can be overlooked. Hidden bodies left in the tire will keep puncturing the inner tube, time and time again. It needs to be found and removed.

I don't have to remind you of the dangers of picking out with a sharp poker while the tire is fully inflated with tragic results. It is best done when the tire is vacuum flat. A needle pointed poker gets at the tiny fragment. Blunt instruments will push the offending object deeper into the tire trying levering out.

The tire already flat replacing with another inner tube or salvaging the original with a patchy kit with the wheel removed, and tire off, and the inner tube out turning your attention to inside of the tire can be reveling. The inside fabric is good contrast allowing easer spotting. Go round carefully looking for a hidden fragment.

Once found, it is a simple mater of pushing out from the inside ideal avoiding the risk of probe lever damage leveraging from the outside.

Salvaging inner tubes with patch repair kits is often problematic. Patch failure is often the cause of tires constantly softening. Constantly under inflated your weight compresses the tire and inner tube bulging it stressing the tire making things worse. There will be potential tire wall damage done to the tire too. Tight tires not only makes bikes feel solid and sturdy on the road but reduces road rolling resistance.

Constantly swapping of tires, can cause problems. The next time you have the tire off ( or access to any bicycle rim ) observe the inside edge of the rim. Most of us are unaware there is either a hooked or flat on the edge to bicycle rims. Correspondingly there should be a matching hook or flat design in the rim of the tire too.

If you assemble a hooked tire on a flat edged rim the tire doesn't sit properly. There will be tire damage issues transferred to the inner tube too as well. So too, a flat edge tire assembled on a hooked rim. Hooked or flat rims need proper corresponding hooked or flat rim edge matting.

Other causes ignoring arrows pointing in the drive direction when refitting. Going contrary to the crank drive direction, there will be tire damage issues transferred to the inner tube as well.

Bikes are best upside down resting on the seat and handle bars turning the wheel round to see if the offending object can found out side the tire assessment first.

Having a good inner tube on will get going as quickly the time it takes to replace it. Otherwise salvaged with a patchy reaper kit. If at a petrol station you're lucky with the handy free air pump station.

If on the side of the road you will need your equipment hand pump. Pumping up the inner tube will reveal If a previous patch is leaking. Inflating the inner tube you will soon feel a column of air from the patch or from a expanded hole the air leak giving itself away. A leaking patch is likely either in the processes of patching not done properly, to small or both. The patch is unable to hold fast any more.

If there is no previous patch or the patch, pin holes are equally notorious to find as an offending body hiding in the tire. Pin holes need to the tube to be expanded to find them. They are so tiny they can be extremely difficult to fell any column of air anywhere in the tube.

Most of the problem with with budget hand pumps air leaks out faster than you can put in consequently constantly loosing expanding pressure to expand the pin whole. Expensive ones can do a good job.

In the case of a budget pump all you can do is keep at it in the hope the pressure enough to give the hole away with a feel of a column of air. Often as not resorting to stretching the inner tube will help to expand the hole enough for a column of air to be felt locating the hole.

Once found, pin holes can easily be lost. Loosing site relocating them is just as difficult to find again. Once found stretch the rubber circling the hole with a ballpoint pen before you loose site of it again. You may even still loose it because being so tiny. Let the inner tube retain what ever air balances out.

Don't remove the silver backing of the patch just yet. It is prudent to be fussy about cleanliness to prevent contaminating the patch.

With a scrapper such as a cheese grater like scrapper provided in the repair kit or some sand paper, scratch lightly the surface area as large as the large patch to clean a finish. If need to, you can draw a template tracing the size of the patch with a pen. Make sure you don't get your finger print grease on the tube, patch and cement ( the glue if you like ) or a dirty surface won't stick. Now your a ready to apply the cement.

Salvaging inner tubes patching with patches  can be problematic. If the original patch is removed the tearing off the patch the original cement has damaged the cohesion response of the tube. Attempts to clean up with the kit scraper or sand paper often makes things worse where patches can never hold fast again. It is the dirty remains of the cement that needs to be cleaned off properly. Once the old remains is cleaned then there is potential hope for a new patch to hold fast.

The patch done properly they are pretty sturdy standing up the demands of high tire pressure for a long time. However in a sense patched inner tubes  are weakened for rear wheels specially high tier pressure and using your bike like a donkey.

This is because the rear wheel is taking all the weight on the rear. The rear wheel should be replaced with the good front wheel inner tube. Patched inner tubes from rear wheels should be swapped with front wheels.

If you're using a brand new kit, unscrew the cap. In the top is a little pin. Turn over and pierce the silver seal. Don't empty the container tube or you will end up a messy glob. Don't squeeze it. Let a drop out to a small glob right on the center of the ink circle. Replace the cap.

When still wet spread the rubber of the tube to widen the hole letting the cement drain into it to help plug it. When spreading the cement larger than the large patch make sure you keep the cement clean or particles, grease and dirt contaminates the cement. Dry clean fingers has your oily grease.

Make sure you allow the cement to dry sticky covering well the area of the large patch. Patches stick best when applied when the cement is tacky. Now you can tear off the silver backing of the patch.

It is not really necessary, but a helpful option to spread some cement on the underside and edges of the patch to insure you have covered your bases. Cleanness is accentual. Wait till sticky

Eye up a line of site the center circle to the center of the patch and press on. You will only have one shot at this because the cement will stick fast. Watch your eye angle coordination squares the patch exactly centering the whole.

Use any round edge pressing down the edges. Don't Concentrate so much on the center but round the edges of the patch.

If you have a spare inner tube, that is beyond reaper you can use it as a shoe inside the tire. Cut off the valve. A patch can be used to cover the gapping hole. The spare helps to act as a buffer between the inside roof of the tire and the ball of the inner tube the tire rides on.

Before you reassemble the tire don't forget about any direction of the drive arrow on the tire wall must correspond with the crank drive direction. Now the inner tube can be reassembled back into the tire and fit the tire the arrow pointing in the direction of crank push.

You may have experienced a tight getting off or on tight tire. The patch done right will be sturdy enough to pump up to the maximum tire pressure recommended on the tire wall of the tire. Pumped up to the maximum recommended tire pressure we feel a sturdy solid and easier ride.  Fitting an extra shoe might be difficult to get the tire back on

Other than that, an expense inner tube has a extra thick hide making them puncture resistant. Expensive tires essentially the same lining the inside. The anti puncture compound built into expensive tires  is what makes them more expensive.

the laws of thermal dynamics

Albert Einstein's General theory of relativity applies to the law of thermal dynamics, how stars and volcanoes work.

The first law of thermal dynamics tells us an energy source doing work on a source. Cosmologists have us believe as far as the big ban theory that suppose to have created the universe is concerned is not necessary true.

The second law tells and the most important tells us compression heats how stars and volcanoes work. When we pump air into an already tight tire with a bicycle pump we fell the pump gets hot. Pumps demonstrated the second law of thermal dynamics in action that says compressing something already compressed generates a lot of head. In other words compression is work and energy of the first law. It is how stars are born and live and volcanoes work.

Our sun is an example of all stars. It started life from the work and energy of the mass of orbiting dust and gas. Every particle was attracted together like nails to a magnet building mass. According the Einstein's general theory the orbiting mass shrunk rapped space creating a distorted curve round the entire circumference of the growing mass. All the while the shrink rap compression of distorted space heated it.

The more mass, the more more it pulled in space compressing tighter and tighter round it. Debris followed the distorted curve surrounding the growing mass collapsing building more mass. Like a runaway snow ball the more mass the more space shrink raps tighter and tighter round the mass According the second law of thermal dynamics the hotter and hotter the mass got.

The work and energy of the shrink rap of space heated the already compressed mass tighter and  tighter increasing the work and heat energy of the heat. The more mass the inward shrink pull of space compressing the already compressed dust and gas the more it got hotter and hotter.

The tight compression of the shrink rap of space generate enough heat for thermal nuclear reactions to start.  A star is born. The entire process takes the equivalent of a few million years on earth to pass, but to space time only a short period.

Studying fluid dynamics is the study of heat moment including stars the atmosphere of the earth we breathe every day, stars, thermal nuclear explosions and volcanic eruptions.

The earth's mass is shrink raped tightly by distorted space round the entire circumference compressing the air we breath and oceans to the surface. The rotation laws in classical physics dragging the atmosphere round the earth apply to some degree. The sun plays a major roll in creating high and low depressions in the earth atmosphere.

The air in the low pressure systems drag air from the high pressure systems towards them causing hurricanes trying to balance out.

The study of how steam train, ship boilers including diesel engines is the study of fluid dynamics. Diesel is squirted into the cylinder and the up coming position compresses it hot enough to ignite. The detonation is the work and energy power driving the piston back down.

The law of thermal dynamics tells us heat can only go one direction from cold to hot. If neglected entropy will get cold from hot. This law tells us a cup of coffee never gets hot from cold on it's on. An external heat source is required heating it. In effect heat transfer effecting a cup of Coffey wormed up again from cold. Our atmosphere is fluid in the same way as the molten magma ( lava ) under our feet is as heat is in a warming cup of Coffey.

The magma under our feet is kept molten by the compression of the the plates that make up the earth's crust. The crust is pulled inward by force of the earth's mass shrink rapping space right round the circumference of earth.

In effect the crust ends up as a heavy weight compressing the already hot magma. The iron in it moving round the iron core generates a magnetic field round the earth. The earth is like a magnetized ball bearing. The fluid pressure of the magma carries the plates of the crust responsible for earthquake and volcanic outbursts.

An overheating hot car radiator is an example of a pocket of boiling water flow. Fluid is heated by the compression to boiling point magma filling in fissures in the earth's crust filling a chamber. When  fill and if boiling enough continues to increase will boil it's way up the crack bursting under pressure on the surface.

Seismologists have set up earth tremor monitors round the world. They have learnt seismic readings  are a sign of boiling motion of the magma more than normal as waves a sign close to the surface.

The cause of the boil up is our old friend compression of the earth's mass shrink rapping space the circumference of earth. The boiling magma is under the equivalent pressure of kilograms per cubic meter per with a temperature hot enough to boil it crowing every second from the weight of the compression of the moving crust.

As the pressure of the moving magma keeps moving it carries a plate up against another immovable plate either grinding sideways past each other or forcing over the top of another. Riding over the top often squeezes boiling magma up a fissure in a volcanic eruption.

When the magma continues to move a plate up against or over the top of a immovable continent plate the plates log jamb stick, the magma doesn't care about that never letting up. Millions of tones per day builds until they can't hold on any longer and slip.

Sliding past each other slip is called a strike slip and overriding slippage is called seduction earthquakes where volcanic outburst often occurs.

In terms of measurement the magma is under the pressure of the force of the shrink raping of space billions of tones per cupid meter forces building temperatures to a boil. Scenic motors on the suffice detect this boiling as fluid waves.

Getting your bicycle wheel running smoothly again.

Continuous breaking spoke problems is what happens when owners replacing spokes and general tweaking with their wheels without any real bicycle wheel engineering knowledge.

Inspecting the spoke arrangement of new bike ( or at lest a good wheel) is and ideal way to pick up the skills needed keep your own bike running smoothly. It will reveal why spokes don't break.

You will observe standard bike wheels spokes are entangled in a zigzag under and over every other spoke pressing on every each one in turn pattern.

Replacing a spoke ignoring this pattern there will be an open gap when crossing allowing twisting forces transferred to the head in the hub flange leading to a few kilometers of fatigue finally breaking off at the head. Following a new or known good wheel pattern as a guide when replacing spokes to rebuilding wheels entirely will go a long way to reduce breaking spoke problems.

Studying wheels designed for entangled zigzag spoke arrangement show how perfectly mathematically symmetrical they are in motion. The entangled paten is a self aniti-twisting movement round the entire circumference of the wheel. As the wheel rotates each spoke crossing each other holds fast each other in a precise symmetry in the rotating motion. The flow of the entangled spokes support each other in a mathematical rolling symmetry.

Each spoke can't flex because of each overlapping neighboring spoke holding each other fast. The twisting forces in our peddling on every spoke is evenly supported by every neighboring spoke in turn. The zigzagging crisscross is what makes bike wheels so sturdy.

Radial spoke patterns are only suitable for front wheel professional pursuit racing bikes, not strong enough for rear wheel rider support.

Using salvaged donor parts as spares will save money yes. But changing components and adding accessories to enhance personal customization, comfort, performance and appearance requires some bicycle engineering knowledge specially when it comes to rebuilding wheels.

Tires size is wheel size. It is written on the side of the tire wall. ( The x is the width across them ). Tape measures have imperial inches one side and metric on the flop side. The two different measuring systems on the same tape makes it easy to measure check both systems.

Measuring the tire will measurer the whole wheel in imperial inches and the flipside metric millimeters. Mountain and commuter city bikes are commonalty 26 imperil inches or the metric 700mm, expressed as 700C. Comparing a metric tire against an imperial inch tire will be little smaller.

How we spell

These days everybody has access to some sort of electronic spell checker some computer word processor, personal digital assistant ( PDA ), smart phone, tablets to laptops. As far as personal texting is concerned miss spelling is a considered normal, but not vary professional care. Professional secretary shorthand is nothing but meanness goby-gook cluster of letters. But not to them. It's code. Well spelt office manuscript work gives the impression of well thought out professionalism

Spelling happens deep in our brain. It is a wonderful organic computer with a mind of it's own when it comes to learning. If something is not important our brain tends to automatically without thinking dismisses the information away. It is a part of our forget system. If it's not important we struggle to recall. If it's important we recall with ease.

We feel this rather bored and uninterested with the subject including being tough the spelling rules at school. Have you every been able to recall anything that was of no interest originally? On the flip side, we know how much detail we can recall when something was important to us we had concentrated in the first place.

There is a exception to the rule we notice a pattern in people seem to be predisposed as a great speller from birth. It could be an area of the brain that was well developed when growing in the womb.

When not very important we tend to forget straight away because the information It is not properly filed away in the memory files. The opposite, if anything is important we take notice and concentrate. Concentration is the key to memory and importance is the key to concentration. Let's see a non-programmed artificial intelligence automatically to do that sort of thing with information.

Our brain is active with what is important and not important to us every second from birth to death. Using the importance law files away the information how we learn.

Our brain is a filling system as equal to any electronic file system. It can think out the chaotic paten of a cross word puzzle. Computers can't figure out patens in chaos the way we can in random images patterns. Lets see a competition between the human brain and harking robots sort out those security code letters.

Our spelling skill relies heavily on how important spelling was in the first place. Anything that is important we automatically concentrate and automatically recall with ease. It is a struggle to recall spelling rules.

If spelling was important we we had concentrated where our brain filed away as memory. We recall well as second nature an automatic habit. Fast, office work reports on demand, every word spelt correctly and consistently with no need for proof reading is always impressive god dent to any office. The skill is worth a lot of money.

Poor spelling is a recall struggle to some of us. It has been the result of  uninteresting, our brain been constantly dismissing as not important information. We often felt a uninterested wondering off to what we felt was more important matters.

Importance is the key to our memory and well entrenched memory of the spelling rules is the key to being a great speller. Things have to be important to the brain to concentrate to remember well is that key to great speller. Often as not an exception to the rule great spellers  seem to be predisposed to be  great spellers. It could be a well developed area of the brain while growing in the womb.

Our brain is ordained as an interoperate of the pronunciation of the syllables that make up words that had heard in the womb and from birth onwards. It records the the sounds of the syllables every word we ever heard pronounced by others and filed away in our speech memory files.

Most of us are familiar with the spelling rules according to how important. If it was the recall of the spieling rules guide quickly and easily found from a dictionary or spell checker with out thinking.

Unfamiliar with spelling we can only turn to how our brain skill at filling away the pronunciation of words from birth. Poor spellers searching dictionaries and electronic spell checkers spelling by pronouncing the sound of every syllable ryes on this system of spelling. Our brain is skilled the use of our recall system of files of the sounds it leant from birth.

Listening to the pronunciation of the syllables as poor spellers sound them out, often look up in wrong places and electronic spell checkers are often no help either.

Dictionaries and electronic spell checkers are not geared up for wild card syllable pronunciation spelling of poor spellers. When a poor speller breaks down the syllables that make words, our brain is unique at memory recall memories of how each sound supplying files that are suggestions must spell like. Electronic spell checkers often help promote the brain recall multiple possible spelling option suggestions comes to their minds. "No that didn't seem to work. OK lets try this. No. Here's another idea" and so on.

One library book I encountered called 100 worlds, helped by miss spelling a word and the correct pronunciation broken into syllables. But often as not, is not enough much of as help to my wild card suggestions. There are always words I wanted I can't find including my word processor. Relying heavily on pronunciation for spelling every word as we write relies heavily on the development of our brain has learnt to pick up on the sounds we pounce syllable by syllable

A good example of this is the F sounds. Pronounce the "p" and "h" letters together. Some of us hear pih while others hear "fih". Try to spell a word like awesome by pronouncing it. We find depends on how we all learnt how we hear the syllables sounds to us. Without the spelling rules some may have heard awesome as "a sum" or spelt as "aw sum", as one word while others may have heard as "aws sum" some may even heard as "a sun" or "aws sun" and so on.

In retrospect, it is the way our brain hears others slang syllables in their speaking from birth and growing up.

Another example is persona. To a poor speller attempting to spell the word by pronouncing syllable by syllable. Our brain comes up with file suggestions the word persona sounding to spell as fas sonor. Second and third attempts in electronic spell checkers can be spelt as fasoner, fisoner to fisonor even with a lilted knowledge of the spelling rules my try phasoner to see what happens and so on. The right spelling for fashioner comes up as a correct spelling.

It is a confusing pattern relying on how our brain had learnt hear the sounds in the hearing of the sounds of syllables heard in every word in other people speaking patens. Our brain can only learn what we hear others pronouncing the syllables of every word we utter. 

Our brain is like an internet search engine search robot system when it comes to supplying information we need from memory. Search engines results found page is the electronic access pulls out an assembly of suggestions according to the keywords.

Operating on the same system our spelling by pronunciation file clerks goes to the filing cabinet on how to spell words in syllables it has saved in our learning processes since birth. When we try to spell by pronunciation alone our file clerks look up the files of the sounds of our pronunciation returning to us the with the file options of the syllables it found. A second processes involves the brains understand of connecting the options found as one word.

On the way millions of other memories associated to them also come to the surface and served to us.

If our file system has been filled with files on the rules of spelling. the spelling verse pronunciation will override the pronunciation files. Our files tell us to ignore the pronunciation with the spelling rule. We automatically out of habit know how to spell awesome correctly and consistently. Poor sellers relying on electronic spell checker programs will be more successful first time round more often.

Another pronunciation trap is the word "silent". Attempting to spell by pouncing alone our file system tells us to spell "sigh" and "lent" as one word. Files can also suggests filling in details as the "sigh" in silent is spelt as "sill".

Poor spellers relying on spell checkers will in time with experience learn new files added to their brain's memory files suggesting could be "cill" because the poor speller has lent electronic spell checker programs often come up with "s" sounds spelt as "c" completing the puzzle joining the two syllable sounds together as one word.

The correct syllable pronunciation is sil-ent. The file son the c spelling rules verses how they are prounced is familiar with the common dominator s sounds are spelt c. With the files on how the c should be spelt as is automatically spelt as "sih" sounds spelt as c without thinking about it.

The persistent not spelt that way by electronic spell checkers, though trial and error manipulation poor spellers will discover the correct spelling. The brain considerers persistent trial and error is important. It will automatically note the correct spelling filling away in the spelling memory files as the correct spelling file. The poor speller can easily recall the correct spelling effortlessly from there on.

Some of us poor spellers have problems with the cliché saying "i before except after c" spelling rule. To most of us we can evaluate the information and file away in our word memory files. Others like Autistic people are not so lucky. The "except after c" makes the whole rule meaningless because the sentence is like a mouthful to them. They are often afraid of mouthful sentences much to be avoided.

Two ideas in one sentence is contradictory causing confusion specially to Autism tending to avoid like the plague to learn. It is better to learn i before e is clear first. After that, exception word examples are made clear. Provided it is important enough for concentrations the exception examples made clear are filed in the word memory files making "except after c" clear creating a file of that.

To autism the same rule rephrased i before e, except any word spelt with the e after the c. Depending of the sere rarity of the autism may even still b a mouthful. Their brain's spatial understand is not well developed.

Plague is another example of the pronunciation verse the spelling. Those familiar with the spelling rules will automatically spell the correct spelling with out thinking while other may attempt sayimg out loud the file clerk issuing a file to spell as playg.

Apart from the difference between British and American spelling for example breaking down words out loud pronunciation correctly an attempt would be spelt as "fin nom en num". ( Phenomenon ) Others spell as fin nom e um or fen no men un. To the frustration of poor spellers spell checkers and dictionaries not such word is listed. Compare the correct syllables  Phen o men on. Dichotomies and spell checkers don't recognize the wild cards of our syllable pronunciation hearing.

Syllable is other word that be tried to be spelt sil lible  incorrectly spelt trying out the way we have leant to hear the word in our minds Try saying the letters "s" "y" "l"  together. It sounds like like sill to us. If there was a dictionary in numerical order the way look up the word as sillible. This person may not have heard the word as sill able but heard as sill ible. Next the correct word syl-able pointing out the pronunciation we have learnt  to hear by, verses the way it is spelt  It will may help poor spellers to remember to spell sillible as syl and then able as one word.

We're often frustrated when our electronic spell checker doesn't recognize any spelling attempt or can't find the word in a dictionary.  Mate and rial, with rail spelt incorrectly with the i before a spells material correctly.   

The worst part about dictionaries for us poor spellers they assume to much us poor spellers know about how we could be pronouncing syllables incorrectly thus looking in the wrong place. It never occurs  to expert dictionary writers some of us my hear the syllables of words differently than they think we should.

They haven't learnt to recognize the sound of "ph" expecting the sound of Photograph as Fo toe graf fitting together from familiar words. The way some of us hear the word can be heard phonetically different spelt to them.  Most education experts don't like the idea of going to the trouble to produce a dictionary that caters for phonetic spellers as a lot of the words will not be in alphabetical order that us phonetic spellers don't guess right spelling phonetically.

Take for example the word guess.  To most of us we'd attempt gess. But the correct pronunciation of each syllable is gu - ess. We'd be searching in ge not realizing we should be looking under gu. With such books we'd find guess where we'd expect it to be but discovering the gu in guess is really the correct spelling. Another word can be heard spelt like business as bis-in-niss the correct spelling as business.

Learning to spell the word can be learning to pronounce syllables the way spelt correctly thus the spelling  as easy words they already know how to spell as bus-sin- ness approach. No wonder they can't find the word in dictionaries looking under.

Some spell checker programmers hadn't program or PC software to recognize "nes ling"  as nestling the program keeps insisting  No recommendations. Spell checkers depend on how good an artist the programmer was at programming spell check software to recognize incorrect phonetically spelt syllables.

At this point even dictionaries become useless since if the user cannot get a checker to recognize their spelling attempts the user's equally frustrated in the time consuming waited effort in not finding the word in a dictionary as well. Dictionaries religiously designed for alphabetical listing to the letter, trying to spell how the word might be spelt by how it sounds are often looking in the wrong place. Trying to spell how it sounds these people my never find the word in alphabetical order placement. Consequently they don't trust dictionaries and spell checkers.

These poor spellers are experienced at trying to spell words phonetically as they write because frustrated by the time consumption not finding the word they need spelling phonetically.

Like electronic spell checkers most teaches reviewing pupils work don't recognize phonetic spelling attempts and fail to appreciate to recognize the other wise good work, thus giving poor marks for the whole work rather than just the spelling. If all English words were spelt as prounced these people would experience far less problems with teacher grades dictionaries and electronic spell checkers.

Poor spelling is a characteristic of  Autism suffers because of the frustration of seemingly complex spelling rules to remember. People with this kind of condition tend to be very poor at handling complex rules.

Paralelle universe, time travel

We have our memories right up to the last few seconds. There is no memory of the coming seconds. Some of us believe there is no distention between the past present and future. If this is true, it makes sense the present is what we are going to do yesterday and what we did tomorrow.

The second hand of clocks measure time on earth as a steady flow we say one thousand and one the time light travels a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like ) in every second. Our brain records the past second as memory forming a new memory in the present second with no memory of the next second every second.

If the former is true lets assume we are all free to travel back and forth the past and future and change what ever we like at any time we like.  So, let's assume for a movement we have just been to the future in your uncles time machine. There was heart ach because the stranger you meet you cared about cared about someone else already.

No matter, all you will do is jump into your time machine back to the time you left. Knowing who to look for in the present you can prevent the person you care about from meeting the person, steeling away for yourself because you knew everything that was about to happen in the present..

Returning to the time you left you arrange it. Then unexpectedly your driving caused the death of the said person. It didn't matter anyway because your memories dictated you knew what you was about to do already because you have been to the future to know that was going to happen anyway.

No matter, you'll just jump on your uncles time machine and go back to a few hours and start over. That will be the third time you changed the last few hours of you life from going into the future with no care in the world adventure to a heart ach to make things better for yourself.

Then there there was a situation were you have to save someone else. No matter, you'll just use your uncles time machine again. But changing things the second time inevitable going to disrupted your plans to meet the person over again by the distraction weather a priority to do first that may cost you the person you care about or the person you are trying to save. Time lines often force a plans.

Traveling back and forth the present, past and future changing things here and there to suit ourselves is our own isolated time line we don't know is going happen to us yet, weather we are destined for the past present or future. Otherwise we would experience the problem a cop had in a recent movie I saw on TV called frequency.

It is about a thirty-six year old cop accidentally contacting his fireman father at the same age via a time traveling Citizen Band radio transmission drying an aurora storm. He was talking with his father before he died in a fire expanding a a few decades between1969 and 1999.

At first the cop was naive until he finally leant the reality of what had happed. Once the cop realized the truth he shared his feelings with his father and going to die in a up coming fire and sharing with his father if he had only gone the other direction.

The plot of the story the cops father in the fire carrying someone over his shoulder. The last minute decided to take the strangers advice saving himself as well as the life of the civilian.

Frequency takes on the fashioner of two memories at the same time, one retaining the memories of his father's and the life without him memories, and a new parallel alternate reality time line memory of his father didn't die growing up with him.

The plot of the story continues the cop enlisting the help of his father involving him in a current serial killer spree in his father's time, in the cops time unsolved, to save the lives of the girls murdered at the same time to catch the killer responsible.

In doing so both got deeper and deeper in changing the course of the investigation history into several different alternate outcomes. The cop's mother got caught up in it ending up as a victom. Things changed again. He had a new parallel alternate memory time of his mother not around in his life razed by his father added in parallel to all the other alternate time line memories he created. In desperation the cop enlisted the help of his father to prevent her turn.

Every day for the next several days new parallel time lines was added in parallel with his original memory time line. He'd mass quite a few. In the end the movie ended with all the family happily playing baseball together in their family park in the cops current time line.

I can't help but stop and think of another example comes to mind. Adolph Hitler was a corporal in world war one. Lets ask ourselves the odds of life expectancy in four years of front line battles of the war.

If the there is no distention between past present and future is true a person from the future can easily travel back in time to make sure Hitler is just another battle causality to save all these millions of lives lost in the up coming future. A new alternate history time line is created Adult Hitler was killed in the war.

If the movie Frequency is anything to go by, the time traveler will have parallel historic time line memories of the current history and it never happing at the same time. Will he remember he was responsible for the death of Hitler?

A little known true story involving a Australian sniper doesn't have to rely on that scenario. The Australian had Hiller dead to right in his scope. If the sniper was a killer, history of the 20th century would have been different.

If the movie frequency is anything to go by how many times can we travel back in time to change events, only once? Twice? An infinite number of times? Do we retain our memories of every time line change we make?

A case in point with a TV series True calling. It is about a female morgue attended who the dead can ask for their help. In doing so she was transported back twenty-four hours of time before their death. She had full memory of the day. She could change the course of the time line to save the persons life.

In doing so did the cop in Frequency and True Davies in True Calling create parallel universes?

A TV series called the sliders introduced the concept of parallel universes discovered by a university student Quinn Mallory experimenting with antigravity in his basement in an attempt to revolutionize heavy lifting.

Instead he got more than he bargained for. His experiment produced somthing else. It had managed to reproduce the holey grail of cosmology an artificial wormhole. A wormhole is a theoretical gravitational pull right in the center of a black hole ( called a singularity ) shrinking space into a deep well. The vertical well links with another black hole across the other side of the universe creating a space tunnel.

In the case of the sliders the experiment created a portal to different dimension earth's. They were the same earth's same times only alternate time line differences. Each earth was ninety percent identical, the reaming ten percent was what made each dimension different.

The British TV series Doctor Who got in on the act is an example of the concept. Several episodes played it out with a double of himself and one of his assistance's double from a parallel universe reminds us the world of sci-fi is full of parallel universe stories.

When Germany was busy fighting the British at the Somme in world war one of this world. Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was published. It projects the the mass of stars and planets bend space. Space is curved round the circumference of stares and planets. It compress the earth keeping us on the surface directly form of the mass of the earth shrinking space round it.

Gravity in other words is a distortion of space by mass. This distortion distorts space time. The distortion of space at sea level on the surface of earth is measured by our clocks and watches to the second. In high orbit time is a few microseconds faster than the top floor of city sky scrapper in turn and a few microseconds faster than ground level. The pulling power of the mass of the earth time near the core is a few microseconds few longer than the surface.

Operating on the principle the gravitational pull right in the center ( called the singularity ) is enough mass to shirk space creating the huge black void of no light we express as a black hole well known for slowing time.

From our point of view we observe an astronaut spaghettified into the event horizon for a million years, while from the astronaut's point of view in an instant.

Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity tells us when it comes to light speed and the vast distances of the stars, a moment in time for one view point is equivalent to a few million years passing on earth from the opposite view point.

From our point of view from the surface of earth, we see light travel a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers in a second. From light speeds point of view see's a second on the earth's surface travel three hundred thousand seconds per kilometer. That's equivalent to traveling a kilometer just under a long weekend. I'm sure anybody into challenging mathematics can work out exactly to the second.

Mathematics projects light speed traveling in a straight line is equivalent to the distance bent into a circle raped round the concurrence of earth seven times in a second. From our point of view we walk a meter in that time.

Light see's us walk a meter the equivalent of three hundred thousand thousand seconds Time is not stopped. It is only to slow to observe moving. It cannot see our world any slower than we see moving as fast. I'm sure anybody good at math's can work out how long three how many days three hundred thousand thousand seconds is.