Warp drive, hyperspace, hyperdrive

Despite the zero resistance of space light coasts at a maximum speed of just under 300,000km/s ( 299,792km and 458 meters per second to be exact, or a 186,000m/s if you like ).

Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity tells us light speed is not relative. It is absolute. If we travel a 160kmph for example ( a 100mph if you like  ), the speed of light is the speed of light. It travels no more and no less. But from our point of view bodies traveling near that speed look compacted and in slow motion.

Newtown's second law bodies resisting acceleration is a part Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of reality. Einstein insisted at light speed it is so great it is infinite. We need energy greater than infinite energy to overcome the infinite inertia.

Inertia is the product of a body in motion reinstating acceleration and deceleration. When we accelerate forward the property weighs the body down. When we brake bodies resist the deceleration. The harder we accelerate the heavier the body becomes. The faster it goes the more braking power needed.

Near light speed velocities bodies becomes compressed by the weight of the inertia all directions like a car compactor. On a light speed scale the time it takes to crush a huge mass is off the charts, less than a second.

Compaction generates tremendous heat. The heat we feel from a bicycle pump pumping up a tire is not from friction you know. It is the air heated compressed into the tire by our vigorous pumping. Acceleration equal to zero to light speed in a second on any mass can rival room temperature to the core of the sun and crushed by the compaction of a black hole, in that time.

Fifty years ago the CBS  American television studio under the direction of Gene Rowanberry created the science fiction TV series Star Trek. Science advisers came up with a novel solution using antimatter for the purpose of exceeding light speed for the series. It tricks physics into reversing the resisting inertia back on the forward forward going Enterprise into the same forward going direction aiding acceleration.

We begin with a review of matter to see how this works. Matter is made up of atoms, that are made up of particles called electrons orbiting central particles called neutrons and protons. The orbiting electrons have a negative electrical charge while the  central protons a positive charge with neutral particles called neutrons, the nucleus.

Positive and negative charges attract each other like they were magnetic. Just like magnets, like charges ( positive and positive and negative and negative ) repel each other with equal force. The law tells us like charges repel and unlike charge attract.

In antimatter, unlike matter, electrons are positive, and protons negative. like matter the unlike attract and like repel law applies. When we introduce matter to antimatter, all the like charges occupy the same spaces so repel each other. The repelling forces react instantly on a light speed scale annihilation of all atoms, both antimatter and matter. Matter is dangerous stuff to antimatter as equally as antimatter is dangerous stuff to matter.

Theoretically mater and antimatter canceling each other like that, the explosive energy should neutralize the reversing inertia on a forward going ship. With no reversing inertia the exploding mix, should aid the forward accelerating ship like a forward going inertia pulling the ship forward.

In 1994 a Mexican physicist Veil Alcarvier worked out the math's of warping space. His math's created a bubble round a hypothetical ship expanding space behind it and contracting space in front of it. The math's showed the displacement round the ship carried the ship faster than light.

Bicycle wheels are mathematically symmetrical.

Bicycle wheels are mathematically symmetrical. An excellent example of perfection.

They are rated according a perfect mathematical ratio, of a number of front chain wheels to the number of rear wheel sprockets. Rear wheels have either 1, 5, 6, or 7 sprockets sometimes 8.

Single front chain wheels are mathematically, one 1, one 5, one 6, one 7 and one 8, giving one, five, six, seven and eight speed bikes. Just adding a second chain wheel changes things. In this case two 1's, two 5's, two 6's,  two 7's and two 8 speed bikes.

Adding a 3rd, results in three 1's ones, three 5's, three 6's, three 7's, and three 8 speed wheels respectively. Even if a 4th changes the ratio. The ratios are perfect example of composites. There are no primes, fractions, variables and betweens.

Bike stands are an ideal to see the symmetry. Viewing back wheels square on, you will see different dished like appearances in the back wheels. You will be looking at single, double and triple front chain wheel, with 1, 5, 6, or 7 rear sprocket sets. Mathematically pans out a statistic of 7 possible arrangements can be seen.

You will observe some bikes the gear cluster sides look dished and flat the opposite side. Others the gear cluster side look flat, while the opposite side looks dished. Still others both sides look flat while others, look dished. Mathematically speaking a statistic of 4 possible arrangements.

The distance across the rear wheel drop outs are perfect symmetry to acuminate the different length's of the hub speeds. The gear cluster and opposite sides of the hub flanges are corresponding flat or curved to center the rim mathematically right in the center of the stays.

What ever the dished/speed arrangement the hub perfectly centers wheels between the drop stays. You will observe plenty of even clearance both sides of the tires from the stays and under the brake bridges you can check with rulers. Observing dissembled hubs there will be corresponding curved or straight gear cluster and opposite side flanges.

Tires size is wheel size that mathematically determines spoke length. The size of the tire is written on the side of the tire wall. ( The x is the width of the tire ). A tape measure across a tire will confirm imperial inches and the flip side of the tape in metric.

Mountain and commuter bikes are common 26 inches, and metric equivalent 700mm, expressed as 700C. 26 inch and 700c wheels may look identical but comparing the two the metric wheels are a little smaller than the imperil equivalent.

Taking a measurement of the rim is rim 26 inch and 700C may look the same size first glance but the 700c is slightly smaller. If you have striped down rims you can see by comparing the 2.

Closely examining both front and rear wheel spoke arrangements on the hub flange, you will observe an alternating in and out spoke heads. Inward heads either the gear cluster or opposite side of the wheel or the outward heads and so on. Carefully note there is an alternating pair of spokes from the rim each side of the hub in a prefect repeating paten in the circumference of the wheel.

Observe spokes crossing heads of other spokes right on the flange. You will observe a curve either the gear cluster or opposite curved flange. The spoke crosses at an angle another spoke further up. Then another. This is called cross. Depending on your bike, racing bike wheels are commonly 2. Standard mountain and commuter bikes are 3 cross, and strong cargo carrying capability wheels is usually four.

The choice of hub is the most important part of building wheels.  The number of spoke holes, gives the number of spoke holes required by the rim. Either the gear cluster or opposite side flange is straight or curved will center the rim between the drop out stays.

Have a spare wheel on you to use as a model to assemble the spoke head paten.

Start with either side of the hub. Using the another wheel as a guide, insert the first spoke according to the in or outward head arrangement on either the gear cluster or the opposite side flange. It is best to start with the valve hole of the rim as a reference point. Insert the thread end of the spoke though the spoke hole screwing on the nipple.

Looking at the other wheel will tell you the next spoke to miss a whole in the hub flange inserting the spoke so the head in or out according to the first spoke. The model wheel will tell you to count 3 rim spoke holes along from the first spoke threading the spoke into the 5th hole screwing on the nipple. Check there is 3 spoke holes between the 2 spokes the second spoke 5 spoke holes along.

Repeat this completing with the next 5 spokes along completing the same side. Make sure all the spoke heads in the flange are all uniform in every empty spoke whole between the spokes are every 5th spoke hole along that there is 3 spoke holes between every spoke.

It is crucial not to miss the mathematical paten. It will cause an unbalanced string when completed. When you come to tension the spokes the unbalanced string will buckle the wheel. Tightening will pull a bow in the rim and cause a bump in the opposite corner creating a distortion in the rim.

No matter what you do you will make things worse creating a horrible horrible whole. The spoke heads must be all inwards with an empty spoke hole every between a spoke every 5th spoke hole along 3 empty spoke holes between every spoke.

Next thread a spoke in a empty spoke hole, so the head is opposite.( the other heads are in these are outwards ) of the spoke heads just threaded. Count, including the threaded spokes a total of 11 along threading the spoke thread into the 11th spoke hole. Make sure the spoke crosses the spoke on the flange.

It is crucial not to miss this paten. The spoke won't cross the spoke properly causing another unbalanced string when the wheel is completed. Again when you come to tension the spokes the unbalanced string will buckle the wheel. Like the other, when it comes to tightening spokes will pull a bow in the rim and cause a bump in the opposite corner creating a distortion in the rim you will never be able to straighten out.

Here you should have alternating 2 empty spoke holes for the other side left. Checking the symmetry of the other wheel will tell you to insert the next spoke according to the in and out head paten threading the spoke into the 5th rim hole along. The symmetry of the other wheel will tell you it repeats round the circumference of the wheel you assembling.

Once completed here you should have one last remaining spoke hole to finish off that side. If you followed the symmetry spoke paten of the other wheel to the letter the last remaining hole should be the automatically be the 11th hole from the spokes you just assembled.

When you come to adjust the spokes don't wrench the new nipple with the spoke tool. Only finger tight. It is important to remember you will be pulling a bow this part of the rim. You will be at risk of running out of thread to tight far to loose, or to loose with to much thread left over.

Rotate the wheel freely observing a side any side wobble between the brake pads. Don't wrench tight the new spoke any more than have too. You will great a one side wobble that needs undoing Reset back to were it was.

Don't wrench the new spoke several turns or you will start the process of creating get rid side to side whole. Just to a point they are firm.

Provided you have a well uniformed spoke cross round the whole wheel you should have a rim that runs straight and true though the brake rubbers.

All that needs to be done now is to remove the wheel and reassemble the tire. Don't inflate because the brake pads catching on the expanded tire wall will prevent you from fitting the wheel. The tire can be pumped up in the bike. Or alternatively release the brake cable to expand the brake arms clearing the fully inflated tire. The disadvantage of this you have to rest the brake setting.

Looking back in time when we look at the sun

Our mathematical instinct agrees the sunlight we observe now was eight minuets in the past because light takes eight minutes to reach our eyes. In the zero resistance of out of space light coasts just under 300,000km/s ( or a 186,000m/s if you like ). It's at it's maximum speed limit. It just doesn't coast any faster.

It costs a distance of just under 300,000km the same amount of time we observe the second hand of clocks move a division, a digital time piece second, the time we say one thousand and one and we walk a meter. a light second. The distance light in the zero resistance of out of space travels in a second called c. Scientific notation tells us 3 multiplied by 10 five times, said 3 times 10 to the 5.

It is a perfect mathematical constant. We know there is 60 seconds in a minute. Distance equals c times 60, that pans out to 18,000,000 ( or 1.8 times 10 to the 7 ) km light travels in a minute.

If we multiply 60 seconds by 8 minutes gives us a total 480 seconds light takes to reach earth. If we multiply by c pans out the distance of the sun of just under 144,000,000km from earth. Our mathematical instinct agrees the sun is the nearest star to earth 8 light minutes away.

By the time you finish this sentence light is just under 3 times 10 to the 5 ( 300,000km ) above the sun's surface. We don't see this light until eight minutes into the future. What we see now is an image of the sun as it was 8 minuets ago every second. By the time you finish this sentence the light that's arriving now, is now 300,000 ( 3 times 10 to the 5km ) away from earth.

As for an hour turns out to be 3,600 ( 3.6 times 10 to the 3 ) seconds. In other words seconds in an hour equals 60 squared. Multiplied by c, comes to a distance of 1,080,000,000. ( 1.08 times 10 to the 9kmph ).

For a day. A day is a date change every 12 midnight. Digital time pieces set in military time tell us there is no seconds no minutes and no hours for a second. Then a second after 12 midnight ( 00:00:01 followed by two seconds ( 00:00:02 ) and so on. Then a minute. ( 00:01:00 ). Then and hour. ( 01:00:00 ) and so on.

To digital clocks there is no such thing as a 2400 display. A second before 12 midnight is 23:59:59. ( 23 hours, 59 minutes and 59 seconds ). When the date changes all the numbers reset to zero ( 00:00:00 and the sequence stars all over again with a new date. Turning 12 midnight the 23rd one side of the world is still hours to go in the 22nd the other side.

Any body curious enough will ask how fast dose light travel a 1km. The answer is the reciprocal of 3 times 10 to the 5 which is 3 times 10 to the minus 5 ( decimal 0.000333333  e- for an infinite repeat of 3's, 300,000th second ). Proof  of this when we muiltiply 3 times 10 to the minus 5 by 3 times 10 to the 5, pans out to1 second. light travels  1km 300,000th second.

How fast in a meter?. The standard metric system tells us there is a 1,000 ( 1 times 10 to the 3 meters ) in a km. It is just a simple matter of adding 3 decimal places ( in zeros )  giving us the answer. When we walk a meter in a second, light travels 3 times 10 to the 8 ( 300,000,000 meters ) the same amount of time. The reciprocal, 3 times 10 to the minis 8 ( 0.00000003e- 300,000,000th second ) is the time light travels a meter.

Knowing the circumference of the earth opened out to a straight line multiplied by 7 pans out the distance light travels in the that straight line. This is because all straight lines rolled circles and the same circle opened out into straight line is one and the same distance.

Straight  lines are a direct consequence of all circles. And so too, all circumferences a direct consequence of straight lines. If we roll 3 times 10 to the 5 km into a circle wrapped round earth goes 7 times light travels in a second. When line opens out to a straight line equals c.

How would we see the world traveling round the earth 7 times in a second.

3 times 10 to the 8m/s is faster than a second. From light speeds point of view a second on earth is 3 times 10 to the 8 seconds. In other words light see's us the equivalent of 300,000,000 seconds per meter. The curious would ask long is that in years?

It is only a matter of adding up all the second's of a year pans out to 60 squared, times 24 hours, times 365 ( days on a year ), just over 3 million seconds. We ask ourselves how many 10 to the 8 seconds of those go into 3 million seconds. It pans out to just over 9 and a half. From light speeds point of view the equivalent of 9 and a half years we take to walk a meter.

Most of us believe, time stops at light speed. Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity tells us the faster we go the slower time goes. If light doesn't travel any faster than 3 times 10 to the 5km/s. Our mathematical instinct would expect from light speed point of view the universe wouldn't travel any slower than 3 times 10 to the 5 as slow.

By our theoretical calculations, at light speed we should view a second of the world's time slowed down 9 and a half years of time. Our math's has told us time doesn't stop only moves so slow we can't observe moving. If from our point of view light doesn't travel any faster than 3 times 10 to the minus 8km/s, from light speeds point of view we can't travel any slower than, 3 times 10 to the minus 8 as slow as a second. ( Or as 9 and a half years ).

Time isn't going any slower than light is traveling as fast. Our math's suggest it is not stopped only at it's maximum slowness. It is still moving. At maximum light speed the environment second is stretched equal to the same amount of time of 9 and a half years longer. Obviously we would observe the environment frozen in time.

Einstein's special theory tells us from our point of view we should observe the environment get shorter and shorter as we approach light speed. Our environment is 3 dimensional so we should observe whole environment compacted in on itself from every direction.

This is due to what is called inertia, Isaac Newtown's law of force and motion bodies resisting acceleration. We feel it in high speed Rolla Coasters pulling us back into our sets we express as G's. One G is our normal body weight when at rest. Two G's when we feel double our weight, 3 G's, 3 times and 4 G's, four times as heavy and so on.

Einstein's theory tells us we cannot travel at light speed because the inertia at that velocity is so great we would be compacted by the weight, like a car crusher compacts vehicles down to the size of a cubic meter block. It would be what light speed would do to any vehicle approaching light speed. Also, when you pump up a tire with a bicycle pump the heat you feel is not from friction you know.

It is the air heated by the compression of every stroke you make. Compress anything hard enough drives the temperature up. Inertia ( or G's if you like )  on a light speed scale is so great can reach temperatures comparable to the core of the sun.